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Effects of High Pressure and Ultrasound on Phytochemical and Volatile Compounds in the Processing of a Sulfur Dioxide-free Mulberry (Morus Nigra)Fruit Wine

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS第6-8页
ABSTRACT第8-12页
摘要第13-30页
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS第30-36页
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT AlMS第36-42页
    1.1. INTRODUCTION第37-39页
    1.2. PROJECT AIMS第39-41页
    1.3. THESIS OUTLINE第41-42页
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW第42-65页
    2.1. MULBERRY (Morus spp.)第43-44页
        2.1.1. Origin and taxonomy第43页
        2.1.2. Black mulberry (Morus nigra)第43-44页
    2.2. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLACK MULBERRY第44-50页
        2.2.1 Proximate composition第44-48页
            2.2.1.1. Water content第44页
            2.2.1.2. Total soluble solids第44-45页
            2.2.1.3. Proteins第45页
            2.2.1.4. Fibers第45页
            2.2.1.5. Carbohydrates第45-46页
            2.2.1.6. Organic acids第46-47页
            2.2.1.7. Lipids第47页
            2.2.1.8. Minerals第47-48页
            2.2.1.9. Vitamins第48页
        2.2.2. Phytochemical composition第48-50页
            2.2.2.1. Phenolic acids第48-49页
            2.2.2.2. Flavonols第49页
            2.2.2.3. Anthocyanins第49-50页
            2.2.2.4. Other phytochemical compounds第50页
    2.3. HEALTH BENEFITS OF BLACK MULBERRY第50-52页
        2.3.1. Antioxidant properties第50-51页
        2.3.2. Medicinal properties第51-52页
    2.4. ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF BLACK MULBERRY第52-53页
        2.4.1. Color properties第52页
        2.4.2. Olfactory properties第52-53页
        2.4.3. Gustatory properties第53页
    2.5. VINIFICATION PROCESS第53-64页
        2.5.1. Maceration process第53-57页
            2.5.1.1. Cryomaceration第54页
            2.5.1.2. Thermomaceration第54-55页
            2.5.1.3. Carbonic maceration第55页
            2.5.1.4. Enzymatic maceration第55-56页
            2.5.1.5. Assisted maceration第56-57页
        2.5.2. Fermentation process第57-60页
            2.5.2.1. Yeast第58页
            2.5.2.2. Temperature第58-59页
            2.5.2.3. pH第59-60页
            2.5.2.4. Degree Brix第60页
        2.5.3. Aging process第60-64页
            2.5.3.1. Conventional aging technique第60-62页
            2.5.3.2. Novel aging technique第62-64页
    FIRST FOCUS:MACERATION PROCESS第64-65页
CHAPTER 3 EFFECT OF ENZYMATIC TREATMENT ON THE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ANDVOLATILE COMPOSITION OF MULBERRY (MORUSNIGRA) MUST BY MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS第65-87页
    3.1. INTRODUCTION第66-67页
    3.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS第67-72页
        3.2.1. Chemicals第67页
        3.2.2. Plant material第67页
        3.2.3. Maceration and enzyme treatment第67-68页
        3.2.4. Color measurement第68页
        3.2.5. Browning index measurement第68-69页
        3.2.6. Total phenolic content measurement第69页
        3.2.7. Total flavonoid content measurement第69页
        3.2.8. Total anthocyanin content measurement第69-70页
        3.2.9. Volatile compounds extraction第70页
        3.2.10. Gas chromatography condition第70-71页
        3.2.11. Volatile compounds identification第71页
        3.2.12. Volatile compounds quantification第71页
        3.2.13. Statistical analysis第71-72页
    3.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION第72-86页
        3.3.1. Effect of maceration enzymes on chromatic properties of mulberry must第72-73页
            3.3.1.1. Effect of maceration enzymes on lightness第72页
            3.3.1.2. Effect of maceration enzymes on hue angle第72-73页
            3.3.1.3. Effect of maceration enzymes on chroma第73页
        3.3.2. Effect of maceration enzymes on phytochemicals of mulberry must第73-75页
            3.3.2.1. Effect of maceration enzymes on total phenolic content第73-74页
            3.3.2.2. Effect of maceration enzymes on total flavonoid content第74页
            3.3.2.3. Effect of maceration enzymes on total anthocyanin content第74-75页
        3.3.3. Effect of maceration enzymes on volatile composition of mulberry must第75-82页
            3.3.3.1. Effect of maceration enzymes on alcohols第75-80页
            3.3.3.2. Effect of maceration enzymes on acids第80页
            3.3.3.3. Effect of maceration enzymes on aldehydes第80页
            3.3.3.4. Effect of maceration enzymes on esters第80-81页
            3.3.3.5. Effect of maceration enzymes on other aromatic groups第81-82页
        3.3.4. Multivariate analysis of mulberry musts properties第82-86页
            3.3.4.1. Cluster analysis第82-83页
            3.3.4.2. Principal component analysis第83-86页
    3.4. SUMMARY第86-87页
CHAPTER 4 ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED ENZYMATIC EXTRACTION (UAEE) OF PHOTOCHEMICALCOMPOUNDS FROM MULBERRY (MORUSNIGRA) MUST AND OPTIMIZATION STUDY USINGRESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY第87-113页
    4.1 INTRODUCTION第88-89页
    4.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS第89-93页
        4.2.1. Chemicals第89页
        4.2.2. Preparation of mulberry must第89页
        4.2.3. Extraction methods第89-90页
            4.2.3.1. Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction第89-90页
            4.2.3.2. Ultrasound-assisted extraction第90页
            4.2.3.3. Enzyme-assisted extraction第90页
            4.2.3.4. Control第90页
        4.2.4. Experimental design第90-91页
        4.2.5. Phytochemicals determination第91-92页
            4.2.5.1. Total phenolic content determination第91-92页
            4.2.5.2. Total flavonoid content determination第92页
            4.2.5.3. Total anthocyanin content determination第92页
        4.2.6 Chromatic properties determination第92-93页
            4.2.6.1. Color determination第92-93页
            4.2.6.2. Browning index determination第93页
        4.2.7. Statistical analysis第93页
    4.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION第93-110页
        4.3.1. Model fitting of Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of mulberry must第93-100页
        4.3.2. Response surface analysis of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of mulberry must第100-108页
            4.3.2.1. Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of total phenolic content第100-102页
            4.3.2.2. Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of total flavonoid content第102-103页
            4.3.2.3. Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of total anthocyanin content第103-105页
            4.3.2.4. Effect of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction on lightness第105-106页
            4.3.2.5. Effect of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction on browning index第106-108页
        4.3.3. Optimization conditions of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of mulberry must第108页
        4.3.4. Confirmation of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction model of mulberry must第108-109页
        4.3.5. Comparison of extraction process of mulberry must第109-110页
    4.4. SUMMARY第110-112页
    SECOND FOCUS:FERMENTATION PROCESS第112-113页
CHAPTER 5 INFLUENCE OF FERMENTATIVE PARAMETERS AND THEIR OPTIMIZATION FOR THEDEVELOPMENT OF A PHYTOCHEMICAL-RICH MULBERRY (MORUS NIGRA) FRUIT WINE USINGRESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY第113-151页
    5.1. INTRODUCTION第114-115页
    5.2. Materials and methods第115-123页
        5.2.1 Chemicals第115页
        5.2.2. Fruits第115-116页
        5.2.3. Mulberry must preparation第116页
        5.2.4 Inoculum preparation第116页
        5.2.5 Mulberry fermentation第116-117页
            5.2.5.1. Fermentation assays第116-117页
            5.2.5.2. Conventional Fermentation第117页
        5.2.6. Experimental design第117-118页
        5.2.7. Phytochemicals analysis第118-119页
            5.2.7.1 Total phenolic analysis第118页
            5.2.7.2 Total flavonoid analysis第118-119页
            5.2.7.3 Total anthocyanin analysis第119页
        5.2.8. Volatile compounds analysis第119-122页
            5.2.8.1. Solid phase micro-extraction第119页
            5.2.8.2. Gas chromatography analysis第119-120页
            5.2.8.3. Identification of volatile compounds第120-122页
            5.2.8.4. Quantification of volatile compounds第122页
        5.2.9. Sensory analysis第122页
        5.2.10. Antioxidant analysis第122-123页
            5.2.10.1. DPPH assay第122-123页
            5.2.10.2. ABTS assay第123页
        5.2.11. Statistical analysis第123页
    5.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION第123-149页
        5.3.1. Model fitting of mulberry fruit wine fermentation第123-131页
        5.3.2. Response surface analysis of mulberry fruit wine fermentation第131-145页
            5.3.2.1. Effect of fermentative parameters on total phenolic content第132-134页
            5.3.2.2. Effect of fermentative parameters on total flavonoid content第134-136页
            5.3.2.3. Effect of fermentotive parameters on total antho cyanin content第136-138页
            5.3.2.4. Effect of fermentotive parameters on ethanol concentration第138-141页
            5.3.2.5. Effect of fermentative parameters on total higher alcohol concen tration第141-143页
            5.3.2. 6. Effect of fermentative parameters on total ester concentration第143-145页
        5.3.3. Optimal conditions of mulberry fruit wine fermentation第145-146页
        5.3.4. Validation of mulberry fruit wine fermentation model第146-147页
        5.3.5. Sensory evaluation of mulberry fruit wine第147-149页
    5.4. SUMMARY第149-150页
    THIRD FOCUS: AGING PROCESS第150-151页
CHAPTER 6 ANALYTICAL INTERPRETATION OF CHROMATIC INDICATORS IN CORRELATION TOPHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF A SULFUR DIOXIDE-FREE MULBERRY (MORUS NIGRA) FRUIT WINESUBJECTED TO PHYSICAL MATURATION PROCESSES第151-176页
    6.1. INTRO DUCTION第152-153页
    6.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS第153-160页
        6.2.1. Chemicals第153页
        6.2.2. Plant material第153-154页
        6.2.3. Mulberry must第154页
        6.2.4. Preparation of yeast culture第154页
        6.2.5. Mulberry fruit wine production第154-155页
        6.2.6. Maturation methods第155-156页
            6.2.6.1. Ultrasound maturation method第155页
            6.2.6.2. High pressure maturation method第155页
            6.2.6.3. Manosonication maturation method第155-156页
            6.2.6.4. Control第156页
        6.2.7. Enological analysis第156页
        6.2.8. Phytochemical families analysis第156-157页
        6.2.9. Chromatic analysis第157-160页
            6.2.9.1. Boulton method第157-158页
            6.2.9.2. Giusti method第158页
            6.2.9.3. Glories method第158-159页
            6.2.9.4. CIE method第159-160页
        6.2.10. Statistical analysis第160页
    6.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION第160-175页
        6.3.1. Effect of physical maturation methods on classical parameters of aged mulberry fruit wines第160-161页
        6.3.2. Effect of physical maturation methods on phytochemical families of aged mulberry fruit wines第161页
        6.3.3. Effect of physical maturation methods on chromatic profile of aged mulberry fruit wines 126第161-171页
            6.3.3.1. Effect of physical maturation methods on Bolton parameters第162-164页
            6.3.3.2. Effect of physical maturation methods on Giusti parameters第164-167页
            6.3.3.3. Effect of physical maturation methods on Glories parameters第167-169页
            6.3.3.4. Effect of physical maturation methods on CIE parameters第169-171页
        6.3.4. Multivariate analysis of chromatic properties of aged mulberry fruit wines第171-175页
            6.3.4.1. Cluster analysis第171-172页
            6.3.4.2. Principal component analysis第172-175页
    6.4. SUMMARY第175-176页
CHAPTER 7 AROMA PROFILE AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTIC OF A SULFUR DIOXIDE-FREEMULBERRY (MORUS NIGRA) FRUIT WINE SUBJECTED TO ACCELERATED AGING TECHNIQUES第176-220页
    7.1. INTRODUCTION第177-178页
    7.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS第178-188页
        7.2.1. Chemicals第178-179页
        7.2.2. Plant material第179页
        7.2.3. Maceration process第179页
        7.2.4. Fermentation process第179-180页
        7.2.5. Aging techniques第180-181页
            7.2.5.1. Ultrasound technique第180页
            7.2.5.2. High pressure technique第180-181页
            7.2.5.3. Manosonication technique第181页
            7.2.5.4. Control第181页
        7.2.6. Enological analysis第181页
        7.2.7. Aroma compounds analysis第181-185页
            7.2.7.1. Aroma compounds extraction第181-182页
            7.2.7.2. Gas chromatography procedure第182页
            7.2.7.3. Aroma compounds identification第182页
            7.2.7.4. Aroma compounds quantification第182-185页
        7.2.8. Aroma profile analysis第185页
        7.2.9. Sensory descriptive analysis第185-187页
        7.2.10. Statistical analysis第187-188页
    7.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION第188-218页
        7.3.1. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on enological parameters of aged mulberry fruit wines第188页
        7.3.2. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on the volatile profile of aged mulberry fruit wines第188-200页
            7.3.2.1. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on alcohols第189-196页
            7.3.2.2. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on esters第196-197页
            7.3.2.3. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on acids第197页
            7.3.2.4. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on volatile phenols第197-198页
            7.3.2.5. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on aldehydes第198页
            7.3.2.6. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on ketones第198-199页
            7.3.2.7. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on terpenes第199页
            7.3.2.8. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on lactones第199-200页
            7.3.2.9. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on furans第200页
        7.3.3. Cluster analysis of the volatile profile of aged mulberry fruit wines第200-201页
        7.3.4. Effect of accelerated aging techniques on aroma profile of aged mulberry fruit wines第201-207页
            7.3.4.1. Odor activity value of aged mulberry fruit wines第201-202页
            7.3.4.2. Relative odor contribution of aged mulberry fruit wines第202-206页
            7.3.4.3. Aroma series of aged mulberry fruit wines第206-207页
        7.3.5. Quantitative descriptive analysis of aged mulberry fruit wines第207-209页
        7.3.6. Principal component analysis of sensory features of aged mulberry fruit wines第209-212页
        7.3.7. Partial least square modeling between olfactory attributes and odorants compounds of aged mulberry fruit wines第212-217页
        7.3.8. Quality modelling of aged mulberry fruit wines第217-218页
    7.4. SUMMARY第218-219页
    FOURTH FOCUS:ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES第219-220页
CHAPTER 8 IMPACT OF NON-THERMAL PROCESSES ON THE POLYPHENOL PROFILE ANDANTIRADICAL POWERS OF A SULPHUR DIOXIDE-FREE MULBERRY (MORUS NIGRA) FRUIT WINE 185第220-257页
    8.1. INTRODUCTION第221-222页
    8.2. Materials and methods第222-238页
        8.2.1. Chemicals第222-223页
        8.2.2. Raw material第223页
        8.2.3. Must preparation第223页
        8.2.4. Preparation of starter culture第223-224页
        8.2.5. Wine preparation第224页
        8.2.6. Non-thermal processes第224-225页
            8.2.6.1. Ultrasound process第224页
            8.2.6.2. High pressure process第224-225页
            8.2.6.3. Manosonication process第225页
            8.2.6.4. Control第225页
        8.2.7. Phytochemical assays第225-226页
            8.2.7.1. Folin-Ciocalteu assay第225页
            8.2.7.2. Aluminum chloride assay第225-226页
            8.2.7.3. pH differential assay第226页
        8.2.8. Polyphenol purification第226-228页
            8.2.8.1. Pigments extraction第226页
            8.2.8.2. Phenolic acid purification第226-227页
            8.2.8.3. Flavonol purification第227页
            8.2.8.4. Anthocyanin purification第227-228页
        8.2.9. High-pressure liquid chromatography conditions第228-231页
            8.2.9.1. Phenolic acid condition第228-231页
            8.2.9.2. Flavonol condition第231页
            8.2.9.3. Anthocyanin condition第231页
        8.2.10. Identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds第231-232页
            8.2.10.1. Polyphenolic compounds identification第231页
            8.2.10.2. Polyphenolic compounds quantification第231-232页
        8.2.11. Antioxidants assays第232-237页
            8.2.11.1. Phosphomolybdate assay第232页
            8.2.11.2. FRAP assay第232-233页
            8.2.11.3. Reducing power assay第233页
            8.2.11.4. Cupric ion reducing assay第233页
            8.2.11.5. Metal-chelating assay第233-234页
            8.2.11.6. Lipid peroxidation assay第234页
            8.2.11.7. DPPH assay第234-235页
            8.2.11.8. ABTS assay第235页
            8.2.11.9. DMPD assay第235页
            8.2.11.10. Superoxide assay第235-236页
            8.2.11.11. Nitric oxide assay第236页
            8.2.11.12. Hydroxyl assay第236-237页
            8.2.11.13. Hydrogen peroxide assay第237页
        8.2.12. Statistical analysis第237-238页
    8.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION第238-256页
        8.3.1. Impact of non-thermal processes on phytochemical compounds of aged mulberry fruit wines第238-240页
            8.3.1.1. Impact of non-thermal processes on total phenolic content第238-239页
            8.3.1.2. Impact of non-thermal processes on total flavonoid content第239页
            8.3.1.3. Impact of non-thermal processes on total anthocyanin content第239-240页
        8.3.2. Impact of non-thermal processes on polyphenolic profile of aged mulberry fruit wines第240-242页
            8.3.2.1. Impact of non-thermal processes on phenolic acids第240-242页
            8.3.2.2. Impact of non-thermal processes on flavonols第242页
            8.3.2.3. Impact of non-thermal processes on anthocyanins第242页
        8.3.3. Impact of non-thermal processes on antiradical powers of aged mulberry fruit wines第242-251页
            8.3.3.1. Impact of non-thermal processes on total antioxidant capacity第242-243页
            8.3.3.2. Impact of non-thermal processes on FRAP capacity第243页
            8.3.3.3. Impact of non-thermal process on reducing power capacity第243-244页
            8.3.3.4. Impact of non-thermal process on cupric ion reducing capacity第244页
            8.3.3.5. Impact of non-thermal process on metal chelating capacity第244-245页
            8.3.3.6. Impact of non-thermal process on lipid peroxidation capacity第245页
            8.3.3.7. Impact of non-thermal process on DPPH·scavenging activity第245-248页
            8.3.3.8. Impact of non-thermal process on ABTs·scavenging activity第248页
            8.3.3.9. Impact of non-thermal process on DMPD·scavenging activity第248-249页
            8.3.3.10. Impact of non-thermal process on O_2~(·-)scavenging activity第249页
            8.3.3.11. Impact of non-thermal process on NO·scavenging activity第249-250页
            8.3.3.12. Impact of non-thermal process on HO·scavenging activity第250页
            8.3.3.13. Impact of non-thermal process on H_2O_2-SA scavenging activity第250-251页
        8.3.4. Correlation analysis of antioxidant assays of aged mulberry fruit wines第251-252页
        8.3.5. Multivariate analysis of polyphenol compounds and antioxidants activities of aged mulberry fruit wines第252-256页
            8.3.5.1. Cluster analysis第252-253页
            8.3.5.2 Principal component analysis第253-256页
    8.4. SUMMARY第256-257页
CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK第257-260页
    9.1. Conclusion第257-259页
        9.1.1. Maceration process第257-258页
        9.1.2. Fermentation process第258页
        9.1.3. Aging process第258-259页
        9.1.6. Antioxidant properties第259页
    9.2. Future work第259-260页
NOVELTY第260-261页
REFERENCES第261-304页
PUBLICATIONS第304页

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