| 摘要 | 第6-21页 |
| Abstract | 第21页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第22-43页 |
| List of Abbreviations and Acronyms | 第43-45页 |
| Part One Getting Ready | 第45-134页 |
| Chapter 1 Introducing the Study of Mediation Universals | 第46-61页 |
| 1.1 Introduction | 第46页 |
| 1.2 Clarification of Some Concepts | 第46-51页 |
| 1.2.1 Language Universals | 第48-49页 |
| 1.2.2 What is ELF? | 第49-51页 |
| 1.3 Focus of the Study | 第51-52页 |
| 1.4 Background of the Study | 第52-54页 |
| 1.5 Research Motivation | 第54-56页 |
| 1.6 Research Questions | 第56-57页 |
| 1.7 Organization of the Dissertation | 第57-59页 |
| 1.8 Summary | 第59-61页 |
| Chapter 2 Literature Review | 第61-104页 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 第61页 |
| 2.2 Second Language(L2)Acquisition | 第61-63页 |
| 2.3 Second Language(L2)Writing | 第63-71页 |
| 2.3.1 Controlled Composition(Guided Writing)in L2 Writing | 第63-64页 |
| 2.3.2 Contrastive Rhetoric in L2 Writing | 第64-65页 |
| 2.3.3 Process-oriented Studies in L2 Writing | 第65-68页 |
| 2.3.4 Linguistic Features of L2 and ELF Writing | 第68-71页 |
| 2.4 Language Universals | 第71-73页 |
| 2.5 Translation Studies | 第73-102页 |
| 2.5.1 Paradigmatic Shifts towards Corpus-based Translation Studies | 第75-76页 |
| 2.5.2 Corpora in Studies of Translational and Nonnative Texts | 第76-84页 |
| 2.5.3 Translation Universals | 第84-100页 |
| 2.5.5 Corpus-based Translation Studies(CTS)on TUs in China | 第100-102页 |
| 2.6 Summary | 第102-104页 |
| Chapter 3 Data and Methodology | 第104-134页 |
| 3.1 Major Considerations in Corpus Compilation | 第104-108页 |
| 3.2 CONTEC | 第108-112页 |
| 3.2.1 The Translational Subcorpus(TR)within CONTEC | 第109-110页 |
| 3.2.2 The Nonnative English Writing (NNW)Subcorpus within CONTEC | 第110-111页 |
| 3.2.3 The Reference Corpus(NS)within CONTEC | 第111-112页 |
| 3.3 CONTEC3000 | 第112-116页 |
| 3.3.1 Annotation | 第113-116页 |
| 3.4 Research Design:Three-Phase Comparative Analysis | 第116-117页 |
| 3.5 Tools Used to Analyze the Corpora | 第117-133页 |
| 3.5.1 WordSmith Tools,Versions 3.0 and 5.0 | 第118-125页 |
| 3.5.2 The L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer | 第125-129页 |
| 3.5.3 Readability Analyzer | 第129-132页 |
| 3.5.4 JCLAWS | 第132-133页 |
| 3.6 Summary | 第133-134页 |
| Part Two Comparison between Translational and Native Texts | 第134-220页 |
| Chapter 4 General Statistic Features of Translational English | 第135-162页 |
| 4.1 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Lexical Density | 第135-142页 |
| 4.1.1 Comparison between TR-F and NS-F in Fiction | 第135-138页 |
| 4.1.2 Comparison in News between TR-N and NS-N | 第138-142页 |
| 4.2 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Frequency Profiles | 第142-145页 |
| 4.3 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Mean Word and Sentence Length | 第145-149页 |
| 4.4 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Readability Indices | 第149-159页 |
| 4.4.1 Comparison between TR-F and NS-F in Fiction | 第149-154页 |
| 4.4.2 Comparison between TR-N and NS-N in News | 第154-159页 |
| 4.5 Summary | 第159-162页 |
| Chapter 5 Lexical Features of Translational English | 第162-207页 |
| 5.1 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Keyword and Key POS Analysis | 第162-172页 |
| 5.1.1 Keyword Analysis of Translational Fiction(TR-F) | 第163-167页 |
| 5.1.2 Keyword Analysis of News Translational English(TR-N) | 第167-172页 |
| 5.2 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Native English(NS)in Terms of POS Distribution | 第172-178页 |
| 5.2.1 POS Distribution of Content Words | 第172-175页 |
| 5.2.2 POS Distribution of Function Words | 第175-178页 |
| 5.3 Comparisons between Translational English(TR and Native English(NS)in Terms of Connectives | 第178-186页 |
| 5.3.1 Normalized Frequencies of Connectives in the NS and TR | 第178-179页 |
| 5.3.2 Normalized Frequencies of Types of Connectives | 第179-181页 |
| 5.3.3 Normalized Frequencies of Coordination and Subordination | 第181-183页 |
| 5.3.4 Comparisons between Translational English(TR) and Native English(NS) in Terms of Optional "that" | 第183-186页 |
| 5.4 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Pronouns | 第186-190页 |
| 5.5 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Modal Verbs | 第190-195页 |
| 5.6 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Lexical Bundles | 第195-202页 |
| 5.7 Summary | 第202-207页 |
| Chapter 6 Syntactic Features of Translational English by Chinese | 第207-220页 |
| 6.1 Comparative Analysis of Syntactic Complexity between Translational and Native English | 第207-213页 |
| 6.1.1 Related Work on Syntactic Complexity | 第207-208页 |
| 6.1.2 Comparison of Translational and Native Fiction | 第208-210页 |
| 6.1.3 Comparison of Translation and Native News | 第210-213页 |
| 6.2 NS-TR Comparative Analysis based on CONTEC3000 | 第213-215页 |
| 6.3 Comparative Analysis of Passives between Native and Translational English | 第215-217页 |
| 6.4 Summary | 第217-220页 |
| Part Three Comparison between Nonnative and Native Texts | 第220-302页 |
| Chapter 7 General Statistic Features of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) | 第221-243页 |
| 7.1 Comparisons between Nonnative English Writing (NNW) and Native English (NS) in Terms of Lexical density | 第221-224页 |
| 7.1.1 Comparison between NNW-F and NS-F in Fiction | 第221-223页 |
| 7.1.2 Comparison in News between NNW-N and NS-N | 第223-224页 |
| 7.2 Comparisons between Nonnative English Writing (NNW) and Native English (NS) in Terms of Frequency Profiles | 第224-230页 |
| 7.3 Comparisons between Nonnative (NNW) and Native English (NS) in Terms of Mean Word and Sentence Length | 第230-232页 |
| 7.4 Comparisons between Nonnative (NNW) and Native English (NS) in Terms of Readability indices | 第232-240页 |
| 7.4.1 Comparison between NNW-F and NS-F in Fiction | 第234-237页 |
| 7.4.2 Comparison between NNW-N and NS-N in News | 第237-240页 |
| 7.5 Summary | 第240-243页 |
| Chapter 8 Lexical Features of English as a Lingua Franca by Chinese | 第243-290页 |
| 8.1 Comparisons between Nonnative (NWW) and Native English (NS) in Terms of Keyword and Key POS Analysis | 第243-254页 |
| 8.1.1 Keyword Analysis of Fictional Nonnative English (NNW-F) | 第243-249页 |
| 8.1.2 Keyword Analysis of News Nonnative English (NNW-N) | 第249-254页 |
| 8.2 Comparisons between Nonnative English (NNW) and Native English (NS) in Terms of POS Distribution | 第254-260页 |
| 8.2.1 POS Distribution of Content Words | 第254-257页 |
| 8.2.2 POS Distribution of Function Words | 第257-260页 |
| 8.3 Comparisons between Nonnative(NNW)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Connectives | 第260-269页 |
| 8.3.1 Normalized Frequencies of Connectives in the NNW and NS | 第261-262页 |
| 8.3.2 Normalized Frequencies of Types of Connectives | 第262-263页 |
| 8.3.3 Normalized Frequencies of Coordination and Subordination | 第263-267页 |
| 8.3.4 Comparisons between Native English(NS)and Nonnative English(NNW) in Terms of Optional "that" | 第267-269页 |
| 8.4 Comparisons between Nonnative English(NNW)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Pronouns | 第269-272页 |
| 8.5 Comparisons between Nonnative(NNW)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Modal Verbs | 第272-276页 |
| 8.6 Comparisons between Nonnative English(NNW)and Native English(NS)in Terms of Lexical Bundles | 第276-283页 |
| 8.7 Summary | 第283-290页 |
| Chapter 9 Syntactic Features of English as Lingua Franca by Chinese | 第290-302页 |
| 9.1 Comparative Analysis of Syntactic Complexity between Native and Nonnative English | 第290-296页 |
| 9.1.1 Comparison of Native and Nonnative Fiction | 第290-294页 |
| 9.1.2 Comparison of Native and Nonnative News | 第294-296页 |
| 9.2 NS-NNW Comparative Analysis based on CONTEC3000 | 第296-298页 |
| 9.3 Comparative Analysis of Passives between Native and Nonnative English | 第298-299页 |
| 9.4 Summary | 第299-302页 |
| Part Four Overall Comparison between Nonnative and Translational Texts | 第302-374页 |
| Chapter 10 Contrastive Features of Translational and Nonnative texts | 第303-360页 |
| 10.1 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Nonnative English(NNW) in Terms of Lexical density | 第304-307页 |
| 10.1.1 Comparison between TR-F and NNW-F in Fiction | 第304-306页 |
| 10.1.2 Comparison in News between TR-N and NNW-N | 第306-307页 |
| 10.2 Comparisons between Translational English(TR) and Nonnative English(NNW) in Terms of Frequency Profiles | 第307-311页 |
| 10.3 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Nonnative English(NNW) in Terms of Mean Word and Sentence Length | 第311-313页 |
| 10.4 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Nonnative English(NNW) in Terms of Readability Indices | 第313-319页 |
| 10.4.1 Comparison between TR-F and NNW-F in Fiction | 第315-316页 |
| 10.4.2 Comparison between TR-N and NNW-N in News | 第316-319页 |
| 10.5 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Nonnative English(NNW) in terms of Lexical Features | 第319-345页 |
| 10.5.1 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Nonnative English (NNW)in Terms of Keyword and Key POS Analysis | 第319-331页 |
| 10.5.2 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Nonnative English (NNW) in Terms of POS Distribution | 第331-338页 |
| 10.5.3 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Nonnative English (NNW) in Terms of Connectives | 第338-345页 |
| 10.6 Comparisons between Translational English(TR)and Nonnative English(NNW) in terms of Syntactic Features | 第345-351页 |
| 10.6.1 Comparison of Translational and Nonnative Fiction | 第345-348页 |
| 10.6.2 Comparison of Translational and Nonnative News | 第348-351页 |
| 10.7 TR-NNW Comparative Analysis based on CONTEC3000 | 第351-353页 |
| 10.8 Comparative Analysis of Passives between Translational and Nonnative English | 第353-355页 |
| 10.9 Summary | 第355-360页 |
| Chapter 11 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research | 第360-374页 |
| 11.1 Summary of Findings | 第361-369页 |
| 11.1.1 Simplification | 第361-365页 |
| 11.1.2 Explicitation | 第365-367页 |
| 11.1.3 Normalization | 第367-368页 |
| 11.1.4 Levelling out | 第368-369页 |
| 11.2 Contributions of This Research | 第369-371页 |
| 11.3 Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Future Research | 第371-374页 |
| References | 第374-385页 |
| Appendix 1 The 100 Top Key Words in TR-F | 第385-386页 |
| Appendix 2 Negative Key Words in TR-F | 第386-387页 |
| Appendix 3 The 100 Top Key Words in TR-N | 第387-388页 |
| Appendix 4 Negative Key Word of TR-N | 第388-389页 |
| Appendix 5 The Key Words in NNW-F | 第389-390页 |
| Appendix 6 Negative Key Words in NNW-F | 第390-391页 |
| Appendix 7 Key POS Categories for NNW-F | 第391-392页 |
| Appendix 8 Key POS Categories for NNW-N | 第392-393页 |
| Appendix 9 The Key Words in NNW-N | 第393-394页 |
| Appendix 10 Negative Key Words of in NNW-F | 第394-395页 |
| Appendix 11 Comparisons of Keyword Lists with NS as a Reference | 第395-397页 |
| Appendix 12 Comparison of Two POS Lists of Fiction with NS as a Reference | 第397-398页 |
| Appendix 13 NS-F in Detail | 第398-400页 |
| Appendix 14 TR-F in Detail | 第400-401页 |
| Appendix 15 NNW-F in Detail | 第401-402页 |
| Appendix 16 NS-N in Detail | 第402-403页 |
| Appendix 17 Extra Information of TR-N | 第403-404页 |
| Appendix 18 NNW-N in Detail | 第404-405页 |
| Appendix 19 Exerpts of CONTEC | 第405-409页 |
| Appendix 20 The C7 Tagset | 第409-413页 |
