| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第1-5页 |
| Abstract | 第5-7页 |
| 摘要 | 第7-9页 |
| List of Acronyms | 第9-11页 |
| List of Figures | 第11-12页 |
| List of Tables | 第12-21页 |
| Chapter One Introduction | 第21-29页 |
| ·Background of the research | 第21-24页 |
| ·Washback effects | 第21-23页 |
| ·TEM | 第23-24页 |
| ·Washback effects of TEM | 第24页 |
| ·Significance of the research | 第24-26页 |
| ·Theoretical significance | 第25页 |
| ·Practical significance | 第25页 |
| ·Reference values | 第25-26页 |
| ·Stages of the research | 第26-27页 |
| ·Outline of the dissertation | 第27-29页 |
| Chapter Two Literature Review | 第29-54页 |
| ·Definitions of washback | 第29-32页 |
| ·Washback or backwash | 第29-30页 |
| ·Different terms used | 第30-31页 |
| ·Washback and Validity | 第31-32页 |
| ·Dimensions of washback | 第32-34页 |
| ·Direction | 第32页 |
| ·Extent | 第32-33页 |
| ·Intensity | 第33页 |
| ·Intentionality | 第33-34页 |
| ·Length | 第34页 |
| ·Specificity | 第34页 |
| ·Theoretical frameworks for washback studies | 第34-39页 |
| ·Alderson and Wall’s Washback Hypotheses | 第35-36页 |
| ·Hughes’ Washback Trichotomy | 第36-37页 |
| ·Bailey’s Basic Model of Washback | 第37-38页 |
| ·Green’s Washback Model | 第38-39页 |
| ·Empirical studies on washback | 第39-46页 |
| ·Summary of empirical studies | 第40-45页 |
| ·A critique of approaches in washback studies | 第45-46页 |
| ·Framework for TEM washback study | 第46-51页 |
| ·Contributing factors to TEM washback | 第47-48页 |
| ·TEM washback mechanism | 第48-49页 |
| ·Several terms redefined | 第49-51页 |
| ·TEM test construct | 第49页 |
| ·TEM test characteristics | 第49-50页 |
| ·Overlap | 第50页 |
| ·Positive and negative washback | 第50-51页 |
| ·Summary | 第51-54页 |
| Chapter Three An Overview of TEM | 第54-71页 |
| ·The educational system in China | 第54-56页 |
| ·The history of TEM | 第56-62页 |
| ·The launch of TEM | 第56-57页 |
| ·The development of TEM | 第57-59页 |
| ·The soaring test population | 第59-60页 |
| ·Research on TEM | 第60-62页 |
| ·TEM test characteristics | 第62-66页 |
| ·TEM test purpose | 第62-63页 |
| ·TEM test content and format | 第63-64页 |
| ·TEM administration and marking | 第64-65页 |
| ·TEM test score report and interpretation | 第65-66页 |
| ·TEM test characteristics vs. the Teaching Syllabus | 第66-70页 |
| ·The Teaching Syllabus | 第66-67页 |
| ·A comparison between the Teaching Syllabus and TEM characteristics | 第67-70页 |
| ·Summary | 第70-71页 |
| Chapter Four Research Methodology | 第71-119页 |
| ·Overall research framework | 第71-76页 |
| ·Research questions | 第71-74页 |
| ·Research design | 第74-76页 |
| ·Participants | 第76-77页 |
| ·Instruments | 第77-109页 |
| ·Research design for the questionnaire surveys | 第77-104页 |
| ·The survey questionnaires | 第77-80页 |
| ·Data collection | 第80-81页 |
| ·Data analysis | 第81-104页 |
| ·Classroom observations | 第104-108页 |
| ·English classrooms observed | 第105-106页 |
| ·Teachers observed | 第106页 |
| ·The observation scheme | 第106-107页 |
| ·Data collection | 第107-108页 |
| ·Interviews | 第108-109页 |
| ·Considerations for validity and reliability | 第109-117页 |
| ·The development of research instruments | 第110-112页 |
| ·The questionnaires | 第110-111页 |
| ·The classroom observation scheme | 第111-112页 |
| ·The interview questions | 第112页 |
| ·Data collection and analysis | 第112-116页 |
| ·The questionnaire surveys | 第113-114页 |
| ·The classroom observations | 第114-116页 |
| ·The interviews | 第116页 |
| ·Triangulation | 第116-117页 |
| ·Data triangulation | 第117页 |
| ·Methodological triangulation | 第117页 |
| ·Summary | 第117-119页 |
| Chapter Five Stakeholders’ perceptions of TEM and its washback | 第119-168页 |
| ·Experts’ perceptions | 第119-122页 |
| ·Demographic information | 第119-120页 |
| ·Experts’ evaluation of TEM | 第120-121页 |
| ·TEM characteristics | 第120页 |
| ·Use and interpretation of TEM scores | 第120-121页 |
| ·Experts’ perception of TEM washback | 第121-122页 |
| ·Factors influencing teaching outcome | 第122页 |
| ·Program administrators’ perceptions | 第122-135页 |
| ·Demographic information | 第122-123页 |
| ·Program administrators’ evaluation of TEM | 第123-129页 |
| ·Familiarity with TEM | 第123-125页 |
| ·Evaluation of TEM test quality | 第125-127页 |
| ·Use and interpretation of TEM scores | 第127-129页 |
| ·Program administrators’ perception of TEM washback | 第129-130页 |
| ·Washback on course design | 第130-133页 |
| ·Individual differences | 第133-134页 |
| ·Factors influencing teaching outcome | 第134-135页 |
| ·Teachers’ perceptions | 第135-145页 |
| ·Demographic information | 第135-136页 |
| ·Teachers’ evaluation of TEM | 第136-139页 |
| ·Familiarity with TEM | 第136-137页 |
| ·Evaluation of TEM test quality | 第137-138页 |
| ·Use and interpretation of TEM scores | 第138-139页 |
| ·Teachers’ perception of TEM washback | 第139-140页 |
| ·Washback on classroom teaching | 第140-143页 |
| ·TEM preparation classes | 第140-142页 |
| ·Washback from TEM revision | 第142-143页 |
| ·Individual differences | 第143-144页 |
| ·Factors influencing teaching outcome | 第144-145页 |
| ·Students’ perceptions | 第145-159页 |
| ·Demographic information | 第145-146页 |
| ·Students’ evaluation of TEM | 第146-150页 |
| ·Familiarity with TEM | 第146-147页 |
| ·Evaluation of TEM | 第147-149页 |
| ·Use and interpretation of TEM results | 第149-150页 |
| ·Students’ perception of TEM washback | 第150-151页 |
| ·TEM preparation | 第151-156页 |
| ·In-class learning | 第152-154页 |
| ·After-class learning | 第154-156页 |
| ·Learning effects | 第156-157页 |
| ·Individual differences | 第157-158页 |
| ·Factors influencing learning outcome | 第158-159页 |
| ·Triangulation | 第159-166页 |
| ·Data triangulation | 第159-163页 |
| ·Familiarity with TEM | 第159-160页 |
| ·Evaluation of TEM | 第160页 |
| ·Use and interpretation of TEM scores | 第160-161页 |
| ·Introduction of TEM preparation courses | 第161-162页 |
| ·Activities conducted in TEM preparation classrooms | 第162-163页 |
| ·Factors influencing teaching and learning outcome | 第163页 |
| ·Methodological triangulation | 第163-166页 |
| ·Closed vs. open-ended questionnaire responses | 第164-165页 |
| ·Questionnaire vs. interview findings | 第165-166页 |
| ·Summary | 第166-168页 |
| Chapter Six Classroom Practice and the Washback of TEM | 第168-193页 |
| ·The teachers observed | 第168-169页 |
| ·The English classes observed | 第169-170页 |
| ·Characteristics of English classroom practice | 第170-178页 |
| ·Teaching content | 第171-174页 |
| ·Teaching methods | 第174-178页 |
| ·Classroom activities organized | 第174-175页 |
| ·English used in classrooms | 第175页 |
| ·Features of teacher-student interaction | 第175-177页 |
| ·Classroom atmosphere | 第177-178页 |
| ·TEM preparation classes vs. non-preparation classes | 第178-183页 |
| ·Teaching content | 第178-179页 |
| ·Teaching methods | 第179-183页 |
| ·Classroom activities organized | 第179-180页 |
| ·English used in class | 第180-182页 |
| ·Features of teacher-student interaction | 第182页 |
| ·Classroom atmosphere | 第182-183页 |
| ·Other factors affecting classroom practice | 第183-188页 |
| ·English used in class | 第183-185页 |
| ·Features of teacher-student interaction | 第185-187页 |
| ·Classroom atmosphere | 第187-188页 |
| ·Triangulation | 第188-191页 |
| ·Classroom observation findings vs. questionnaire findings | 第188-189页 |
| ·Teaching content in TEM preparation and non-preparation classes | 第188-189页 |
| ·Other factors influencing classroom practice | 第189页 |
| ·Classroom observation findings vs. interview findings | 第189-190页 |
| ·Classroom observation findings vs. document analysis | 第190-191页 |
| ·Summary | 第191-193页 |
| Chapter Seven Conclusions and Implications | 第193-206页 |
| ·Summary of the major findings | 第193-196页 |
| ·Washback effects perceived by experts | 第193-194页 |
| ·Washback effects perceived by program administrators | 第194页 |
| ·Washback effects perceived by teachers | 第194-195页 |
| ·Washback effects perceived by students | 第195页 |
| ·Washback effects on English classrooms | 第195-196页 |
| ·Implications for the reform | 第196-203页 |
| ·Implications for TEM reform | 第196-201页 |
| ·TEM test content and method | 第196-197页 |
| ·TEM test administration | 第197-199页 |
| ·Communication between TEM test developers and TEM users | 第199-201页 |
| ·Implications for the reform of teaching and learning | 第201-203页 |
| ·Course design | 第201-202页 |
| ·English teaching and learning | 第202-203页 |
| ·Limitations and future research directions | 第203-206页 |
| ·Limitations | 第203-204页 |
| ·Directions for future study | 第204-206页 |
| Bibliography | 第206-220页 |
| Appendix Ⅰ Survey Questionnaires | 第220-243页 |
| Appendix Ⅱ Classroom Observations | 第243-262页 |
| Appendix Ⅲ Interviews | 第262-264页 |
