| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第6-7页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第7-9页 |
| 摘要 | 第10-27页 |
| CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW | 第27-43页 |
| 1.1. Nanotechnology and encapsulation | 第27-29页 |
| 1.2. Nanoemulsions | 第29-33页 |
| 1.2.1. Surfactants/emulsifiers/stabilizers/encapsulants | 第29-31页 |
| 1.2.1.1. Polysaccharides | 第30-31页 |
| 1.2.2. Lipid/oil phase and lipophilic bioactives | 第31-33页 |
| 1.3. Oxidation of lipophilic bioactives | 第33-35页 |
| 1.3.1. Antioxidants | 第34-35页 |
| 1.4. Spray drying | 第35-36页 |
| 1.5. In vitro digestion and delivery of lipophilic bioactives | 第36-37页 |
| 1.6. Objectives of research | 第37-39页 |
| 1.7. References | 第39-43页 |
| CHAPTER 2: INFLUENCE OF OSA-STARCH ON THE PHYSICO CHEMICALCHARACTERISTICS OF FLAX SEED OIL-EUGENOL NANOEMULSIONS | 第43-75页 |
| 2.1. Introduction | 第43-45页 |
| 2.2. Materials and methods | 第45-49页 |
| 2.2.1. Materials | 第45页 |
| 2.2.2. Molecular weight distribution of OSA-MS (PG1 & PG2) | 第45页 |
| 2.2.3. Interfacial tension (IT) | 第45-46页 |
| 2.2.4. Preparation of nanoemulsions | 第46页 |
| 2.2.5. Measurement of emulsion mean droplet diameter (MDD) and polydispersity index(PDI) | 第46页 |
| 2.2.6. Zeta potential (ZP) measurements | 第46页 |
| 2.2.7. Observation of emulsions through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) | 第46-47页 |
| 2.2.8. Rheological measurements | 第47页 |
| 2.2.9. Oxidation stability | 第47-48页 |
| 2.2.9.1. Peroxide value (POV) | 第47-48页 |
| 2.2.9.2. Headspace (HS) analysis | 第48页 |
| 2.2.10. Determination of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eugenol (EUG) contents by gaschromatography (GC) | 第48-49页 |
| 2.2.11. Statistical analysis | 第49页 |
| 2.3. Results and discussion | 第49-69页 |
| 2.3.1. Influence of different concentrations of OSA-MS (PG1) and EUG addition on MDD andPDI of FSO nanoemulsions | 第49-51页 |
| 2.3.2. Influence of different concentrations of OSA-MS (PG2) and EUG addition on MDD andPDI of FSO nanoemulsions | 第51-55页 |
| 2.3.3. Influence of different concentrations of OSA-MS (PG1 & PG2) and EUG addition on ZPof FSO nanoemulsions | 第55-56页 |
| 2.3.4. Influence of storage time and temperature on MDD of OSA-MS (PG1 & PG2) stabilizedFSO nanoemulsions with and without EUG | 第56-57页 |
| 2.3.5. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of fresh and stored (4 weeks at 40 oC) emulsions | 第57-58页 |
| 2.3.6. Rheological properties of fresh and stored (4 weeks at 4, 25 and 40 oC) emulsions | 第58-61页 |
| 2.3.7. Influence of storage time and temperature on oxidation stability of OSA-MS stabilizedemulsions | 第61-66页 |
| 2.3.7.1 Peroxide value (POV) | 第61-63页 |
| 2.3.7.2. Secondary oxidation | 第63-66页 |
| 2.3.8. Influence of storage time under different temperature on retention of ALA (ω3) innanoemulsions stabilized by OSA-MS (PG1 & PG2) | 第66-67页 |
| 2.3.9. Influence of storage time under different temperature on retention of EUG innanoemulsions stabilized by OSA-MS (PG1 & PG2) | 第67-69页 |
| 2.4. Conclusions | 第69-70页 |
| 2.5. References | 第70-75页 |
| CHAPTER 3: IN VITRO DIGESTION AND BIOACCESSIBILITY OF Α-LINOLENIC ACIDAND EUGENOL FROM OSA-STARCH STABILIZED NANOEMULSIONS | 第75-92页 |
| 3.1. Introduction | 第75-76页 |
| 3.2. Materials and methods | 第76-80页 |
| 3.2.1. Materials | 第76页 |
| 3.2.2. Formation of nanoemulsions | 第76-77页 |
| 3.2.3. Determination of mean droplet diameter, polydispersity index and zeta potential | 第77页 |
| 3.2.4. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) | 第77页 |
| 3.2.5. In vitro digestion | 第77-79页 |
| 3.2.5.1. Mouth stage | 第78页 |
| 3.2.5.2. Gastric stage | 第78页 |
| 3.2.5.3. Small intestinal stage | 第78-79页 |
| 3.2.6. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) | 第79页 |
| 3.2.7. Determination of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eugenol (EUG) contents by gaschromatography (GC) | 第79-80页 |
| 3.2.8. Statistical analysis | 第80页 |
| 3.3. Results and discussion | 第80-87页 |
| 3.3.1. Changes in mean particle diameter (MPD), zeta potential (ZP) and structure ofnanoemulsions during in vitro digestion | 第80-84页 |
| 3.3.2. Influence of OSA-starch type on lipolysis of FSO-EUG nanoemulsions | 第84-85页 |
| 3.3.3. Influence of OSA-starch type on bioaccessibility of ALA and EUG | 第85-87页 |
| 3.4. Conclusions | 第87-88页 |
| 3.5. References | 第88-92页 |
| CHAPTER 4: PHYSICOCHEMICAL STABILITY OF β-CAROTENE AND α- TOCOPHEROL ENRICHED NANOEMULSIONS: INFLUENCE OF CARRIER OIL, EMULSIFIER AND ANTIOXIDANT | 第92-126页 |
| 4.1. Introduction | 第92-95页 |
| 4.2. Materials and methods | 第95-100页 |
| 4.2.1. Materials | 第95页 |
| 4.2.2. Methods | 第95-100页 |
| 4.2.2.1. Nanoemulsions preparation | 第95-96页 |
| 4.2.2.2. Determination of emulsion mean droplet diameter (MDD), polydispersity index (PDI) and Zeta potential (ZP) | 第96-97页 |
| 4.2.2.3. Storage stability of nanoemulsions | 第97页 |
| 4.2.2.4. Oxidative stability of oil and nanoemulsions | 第97-98页 |
| 4.2.2.4.1. Determination of peroxide value (POV) | 第97页 |
| 4.2.2.4.2. Determination of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) | 第97-98页 |
| 4.2.2.5. In vitro digestion | 第98页 |
| 4.2.2.6. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) | 第98-99页 |
| 4.2.2.7. Quantification of BC using HPLC | 第99页 |
| 4.2.2.8. Quantification of VE using HPLC | 第99-100页 |
| 4.2.2.9. Quantification of EU using GC | 第100页 |
| 4.2.2.10. Statistical analysis | 第100页 |
| 4.3. Results and discussion | 第100-118页 |
| 4.3.1. Physicochemical stability of BC and VE enriched emulsions | 第100-107页 |
| 4.3.1.1 Mean droplet diameter (MDD), polydispersity index (PDI) and Zeta potential (ZP) ofBC and VE enriched emulsions | 第100-102页 |
| 4.3.1.2. Influence of storage (25 and 40 °C for 4 weeks) on MDD of BC and VE emulsions..76 | 第102-103页 |
| 4.3.1.3. Oxidative stability of BC and VE emulsions and bulk carrier oils with or without BCand VE | 第103-105页 |
| 4.3.1.4. Chemical stability of BC and VE emulsions | 第105-107页 |
| 4.3.2. Influence of eugenol (EU) addition on the physicochemical stability of BC and VEenriched emulsions | 第107-112页 |
| 4.3.2.1 Influence of eugenol (EU) addition on MDD, PDI and ZP of BC and VE enrichedemulsions | 第108-109页 |
| 4.3.2.2. Influence of storage (25 and 40 °C for 4 weeks) on MDD of BC+VE+EUemulsions | 第109页 |
| 4.3.2.3. Influence of EU addition on oxidative stability of BC and VE emulsions and bulkcarrier oils | 第109-110页 |
| 4.3.2.4. Influence of EU addition on retention of BC and VE | 第110-112页 |
| 4.3.3. In vitro digestion | 第112-118页 |
| 4.3.3.1. Influence of emulsifier and carrier oil on size and structure of digested emulsionsamples | 第112-115页 |
| 4.3.3.2. Influence of emulsifier and carrier oil on lipolysis | 第115-116页 |
| 4.3.3.3. Influence of emulsifier and carrier oil bioaccessibility (BA) of lipophilic bioactives | 第116-118页 |
| 4.4. Conclusions | 第118-119页 |
| 4.5. References | 第119-126页 |
| CHAPTER 5: PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF β-CAROTENE AND EUGENOL CO-ENCAPSULATED FLAX SEED OIL POWDERS USING OSA-STARCHES AS WALLMATERIAL | 第126-149页 |
| 5.1. Introduction | 第126-128页 |
| 5.2. Material and methods | 第128-132页 |
| 5.2.1. Materials | 第128页 |
| 5.2.2. Preparation and characterization of emulsions | 第128-129页 |
| 5.2.2.1. Preparation of emulsions | 第128页 |
| 5.2.2.2. Measurement of emulsion mean droplet diameter (MDD) and polydispersity index(PDI) | 第128-129页 |
| 5.2.2.3. Viscosity measurements | 第129页 |
| 5.2.3. Preparation and characterization of microcapsules | 第129-131页 |
| 5.2.3.1. Preparation and storage of microcapsules | 第129页 |
| 5.2.3.2. MDD and PDI of reconstituted emulsions | 第129页 |
| 5.2.3.3. Determination of surface oil (SO), total oil (TO) and microencapsulation efficiency(MEE) | 第129-130页 |
| 5.2.3.4. Determination of moisture, water activity (aw) and bulk density (BD) | 第130页 |
| 5.2.3.5. Determination of color | 第130页 |
| 5.2.3.6. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) | 第130-131页 |
| 5.2.4. Oxidative stability | 第131页 |
| 5.2.4.1 Peroxide value (POV) | 第131页 |
| 5.2.4.2. Determination of TBARS | 第131页 |
| 5.2.5. Determination of BC by HPLC | 第131-132页 |
| 5.2.6. Determination of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eugenol (EU) contents by gaschromatography (GC) | 第132页 |
| 5.2.7. Statistical analysis | 第132页 |
| 5.3. Results and discussion | 第132-144页 |
| 5.3.1. Influence of starch type, concentration and oil composition on MDD, PDI and viscosityof O/W emulsions | 第132-134页 |
| 5.3.2. Influence of starch type and oil composition on MDD and PDI of O/W emulsions andspray-dried reconstituted emulsions (at day 1 and day 28) | 第134-136页 |
| 5.3.3. Microencapsulation efficiency (MEE) | 第136-137页 |
| 5.3.4. Oxidative stability | 第137-138页 |
| 5.3.5. Influence of starch type and oil composition on retention of BC, EU and ALA | 第138-140页 |
| 5.3.6. Moisture contents, water activity (aw) and bulk density (BD) | 第140-141页 |
| 5.3.7. Color | 第141-143页 |
| 5.3.8. Morphology | 第143-144页 |
| 5.4. Conclusions | 第144-145页 |
| 5.5. References | 第145-149页 |
| GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 第149-151页 |
| Key innovations | 第151-152页 |
| Recommendations | 第152-153页 |
| List of publications | 第153页 |
