| Acknowledgements | 第1-6页 |
| Abstract | 第6-8页 |
| 摘要 | 第8-9页 |
| Table of Contents | 第9-12页 |
| Chapter Ⅰ Introduction | 第12-15页 |
| ·Importance of listening in language learning | 第12-13页 |
| ·Purposes and significance of the listening comprehension study | 第13-14页 |
| ·Organization of the thesis | 第14-15页 |
| Chapter Ⅱ Literature Review | 第15-31页 |
| ·Definitions of listening | 第15-16页 |
| ·Essence of listening comprehension | 第16-17页 |
| ·Definitions of listening comprehension | 第17页 |
| ·A cognitive perspective on listening comprehension | 第17-21页 |
| ·Reasons for adopting cognitive theory | 第17-18页 |
| ·Cognitive theories related to listening comprehension | 第18-21页 |
| ·Theories of listening comprehension | 第21-23页 |
| ·Bottom-up and top-down processing | 第21-23页 |
| ·Anderson’s three-phase model | 第23页 |
| ·Factors involved in the L2 listening comprehension difficulty | 第23-26页 |
| ·L2 listening comprehension difficulties caused by spoken language | 第24-25页 |
| ·L2 listening comprehension difficulties from listeners’ perspective | 第25-26页 |
| ·A review of empirical studies on listening comprehension difficulties | 第26-31页 |
| ·Foreign studies studies on listening comprehension difficulties | 第26-28页 |
| ·Domestic studies on listening comprehension difficulties | 第28-31页 |
| Chapter Ⅲ Methodology | 第31-33页 |
| ·Objectives of the study | 第31页 |
| ·Research design | 第31-33页 |
| ·Subjects | 第31-32页 |
| ·Instrument | 第32页 |
| ·Data collection and analysis | 第32-33页 |
| Chapter Ⅳ Results and Discussion | 第33-53页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty to students of different levels | 第33-45页 |
| ·Senior high school students | 第33-35页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in perception | 第33-34页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in parsing | 第34页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in utilization | 第34-35页 |
| ·College Students | 第35-38页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in perception | 第35-36页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in parsing | 第36-37页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in utilization | 第37-38页 |
| ·Postgraduate Students | 第38-41页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in perception | 第38-39页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in parsing | 第39-40页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in utilization | 第40-41页 |
| ·4 A conclusion to difficulty in listening comprehension to students of different phases | 第41-45页 |
| ·1 Listening comprehension difficulty to overall students in perception | 第41-42页 |
| ·2 Listening comprehension difficulty to overall students in parsing | 第42-43页 |
| ·3 Listening comprehension difficulty to overall students in utilization | 第43-44页 |
| ·4 A conclusion to difficulty in listening comprehension to overall students | 第44-45页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in the same phase | 第45-47页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in perception | 第45页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in parsing | 第45-46页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in utilization | 第46页 |
| ·A conclusion to listening comprehension difficulty in the same phase | 第46-47页 |
| ·Gender difference | 第47-53页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in perception | 第47-48页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in parsing | 第48-50页 |
| ·Listening comprehension difficulty in utilization | 第50-52页 |
| ·4 A conclusion to difficulty in listening comprehension to gender difference | 第52-53页 |
| Chapter Ⅴ Conclusion | 第53-59页 |
| ·Main findings of the study | 第53页 |
| ·Pedagogical implications | 第53-57页 |
| ·1 Cultivating listeners’ awareness of “understanding” in listening comprehension | 第54-56页 |
| ·2 Cultivating listeners’ awareness of “remembering” in listening comprehension | 第56页 |
| ·3 Cultivating listeners’ awareness of comprehensive consideration of listening difficulties | 第56-57页 |
| ·Limitations of the study | 第57-59页 |
| Bibliography | 第59-63页 |
| Appendix | 第63-65页 |
| Papers Published During MA Program | 第65页 |
