| Acknowledgements | 第1-4页 |
| Abstract in Chinese | 第4-6页 |
| Abstract in English | 第6-11页 |
| 1． Introduction | 第11-14页 |
| 2． Culture and Language | 第14-19页 |
| 2．1 Definitions of culture | 第14-15页 |
| 2．2 Categories of culture | 第15-16页 |
| 2．3 The Relationship between language and culture | 第16-19页 |
| 3． Cultural Elements: Crossable Gaps in Translation | 第19-25页 |
| 3．1 Cultural discrepancies | 第19-20页 |
| 3．2 Translating difficulties | 第20-23页 |
| 3．3 Requirements for translators in cross-culture translation | 第23-25页 |
| 4． Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation | 第25-34页 |
| 4．1 Source-oriented translation | 第25-27页 |
| 4．2 Toward a target-oriented approach | 第27-29页 |
| 4．3 Semantic and communicative translation based on source and target languages | 第29-34页 |
| 5． The Translation of Cultural Elements in the Texts with Three Major Language Functions | 第34-62页 |
| 5．1 Major text types classified by language functions | 第34-35页 |
| 5．2 Transplanting in the translation of expressive texts | 第35-49页 |
| 5．2．1 Necessity of transplanting | 第37-42页 |
| 5．2．2 Possibility of transplanting | 第42-47页 |
| 5．2．3 Compensation devices for transplanting | 第47-49页 |
| 5．3 Transforming in the translation of expressive texts | 第49-54页 |
| 5．3．1 The characteristic of informative text | 第49-51页 |
| 5．3．2 Practice of transforming | 第51-54页 |
| 5．4 Transfiguring in the translation of vocative texts | 第54-62页 |
| 5．4．1 The unique characteristic of vocative texts | 第54-56页 |
| 5．4．2 The approach of transfiguring | 第56-58页 |
| 5．4．2．1 Persuasive advertisements, a typical vocative text | 第56-57页 |
| 5．4．2．2 Functional requirements | 第57-58页 |
| 5．4．2．3 Transfiguring in translating persuasive advertisements | 第58-62页 |
| 6． Conclusion | 第62-65页 |
| Bibliography | 第65-67页 |
