| Acknowledgements | 第1-5页 |
| 摘要 | 第5-7页 |
| Abstract | 第7-9页 |
| Table of Contents | 第9-14页 |
| Chapter One Introduction | 第14-24页 |
| ·The Background | 第14页 |
| ·The Aim of the Present Research | 第14页 |
| ·Literature Review | 第14-22页 |
| ·Classification of Contemporary Translation Theories | 第15-19页 |
| ·Edwin Gentzler's Classification | 第15-16页 |
| ·Maria Tymoczko's Classification | 第16-17页 |
| ·Pan Wenguo's Classification | 第17-19页 |
| ·A Survey of Typical Terms of Various Translation School | 第19-22页 |
| ·Translation Studies | 第19-20页 |
| ·Early Translation Studies | 第20页 |
| ·Low Countries Group | 第20页 |
| ·Tel Aviv-Leuven School | 第20-21页 |
| ·The School of Polysystem | 第21页 |
| ·The "Descriptive Approach" or "Descriptive Translation Studies" | 第21页 |
| ·The Cultural School | 第21-22页 |
| ·The Manipulation School | 第22页 |
| ·Summary | 第22页 |
| ·Layout of the Thesis | 第22-24页 |
| Chapter Two A Study of the Manipulation Theories | 第24-64页 |
| ·Naming the Holmes Group of Scholars the Manipulation School | 第24-28页 |
| ·The Necessity to Name this Group | 第24页 |
| ·The "Manipulation School" is a Reasonable Name | 第24-27页 |
| ·Interpretation of the Word "Manipulation" | 第24-25页 |
| ·Interpretation of the Term "Manipulation School" | 第25页 |
| ·The Significant Contributions of The Manipulation of Literature | 第25-26页 |
| ·Andre Lefevere and the Word "Manipulation" | 第26-27页 |
| ·Hermans and the Term the "Manipulation School" | 第27页 |
| ·Snell-Hornby and the Term "Manipulation School" | 第27页 |
| ·Summary | 第27-28页 |
| ·An Overview of the Manipulation School | 第28-35页 |
| ·The Common Ground for the Manipulation School Scholars | 第28页 |
| ·The Goal of the Manipulation School | 第28-29页 |
| ·The Emerging Members of the Manipulation School | 第29-31页 |
| ·Major Events in the Development of the Manipulation School | 第31-33页 |
| ·The Areas Influenced by the Manipulation School | 第33-35页 |
| ·New Areas of Translation Studies Explored by the Manipulation School;Three Shifts | 第35-60页 |
| ·The Shift of the Research Approach;from the Prescriptive to the Descriptive | 第35-38页 |
| ·The Prescriptive Approach | 第35-36页 |
| ·The Definition of the Prescriptive Approach | 第35-36页 |
| ·The Roots of the Prescriptive Approach | 第36页 |
| ·The Deficiencies of the Prescriptive Approach | 第36页 |
| ·The Descriptive Approach | 第36-38页 |
| ·The Definition of the Descriptive Approach | 第36-37页 |
| ·The Content of the Descriptive Approach | 第37页 |
| ·The Strengths of the Descriptive Approach | 第37-38页 |
| ·Summary | 第38页 |
| ·The Shift of the Research Level;from the Linguistic to the Cultural Level | 第38-53页 |
| ·The Language Level | 第38-42页 |
| ·The History of "Fidelity" and "Equivalence" | 第38-39页 |
| ·Problems with Equivalence and the Definition of Translation | 第39-41页 |
| ·Summary | 第41-42页 |
| ·The Cultural Level | 第42-53页 |
| ·The Theory of System;the Premise for Translation Studies at the Cultural Level | 第42-47页 |
| ·A Brief Introduction to System | 第42页 |
| ·Polysystem | 第42-45页 |
| ·Andre Lefevere's System | 第45-47页 |
| ·Summary | 第47页 |
| ·Norms | 第47-49页 |
| ·Norms from the Decision-Making Process | 第47-48页 |
| ·Toury's Norms | 第48-49页 |
| ·Chesterman's Norms | 第49页 |
| ·Summary | 第49页 |
| ·The Cultural Turn;The Research Objective of the Translation Studies at the Cultural Level | 第49-53页 |
| ·What is the Cultural Turn | 第50页 |
| ·The Content of the Cultural Turn;the Study of Constraints | 第50-52页 |
| ·Cultural Studies Should Take a Translation Turn | 第52-53页 |
| ·The Influence of the Cultural Turn | 第53页 |
| ·The Shift in Research Objectives | 第53-59页 |
| ·From the Author to the Translator | 第53-56页 |
| ·The Traditional Status of the Servant-Translator | 第54-55页 |
| ·The Rise to the Status of the Rewriter-Translator | 第55-56页 |
| ·The Shift from the Original to the Translated Text | 第56-59页 |
| ·Source Text-oriented Translation Studies | 第56-58页 |
| ·Target Text-oriented Translation Studies | 第58-59页 |
| ·Summary | 第59-60页 |
| ·Room for Improvement in Demonstrating the Validity of the Manipulation Theory | 第60-64页 |
| ·The Dominance of Literature in the Manipulation School | 第60-62页 |
| ·Literature Prevails in the Manipulation School | 第60-61页 |
| ·The Reason for the Dominance of Literature in the Manipulation School | 第61页 |
| ·The Call for Applying Manipulation Theories to Non-literary Texts | 第61-62页 |
| ·More Highly Flexible Translations Needed to Validate the Manipulation Theories | 第62-63页 |
| ·Use of Case Study to Validate the Manipulation Theories | 第62页 |
| ·The Reason for the Popularity of Case Studies in the Manipulation School | 第62页 |
| ·The Call for Applying Manipulation Theories to Highly Flexible Translation | 第62-63页 |
| ·Summary | 第63-64页 |
| Chapter Three Non-literary and Highly Flexible Translation Examples to Demonstrate the Validity of the Manipulation Theories | 第64-97页 |
| ·Political Factors in Manipulating the Translation at the Level of Words and Expressions | 第64-85页 |
| ·Transliteration | 第64-67页 |
| ·Strength in Word Choice | 第67-70页 |
| ·Derogatory and Commendatory Overtones | 第70-72页 |
| ·Changes in Political Contexts | 第72-74页 |
| ·Changes in Semantic Scope | 第74-77页 |
| ·Precision in Word Choice | 第77-79页 |
| ·Authority in Word Choice | 第79-80页 |
| ·Word Choice Affected by Periods of Time | 第80-81页 |
| ·Word Choice Affected by Politics | 第81-85页 |
| ·Economic Factors in Manipulating the Translation at the Level of Words and Expression | 第85-90页 |
| ·Transliteration | 第85-87页 |
| ·Extra-free Translation | 第87-88页 |
| ·Elegant and Popular Word Choice | 第88页 |
| ·Euphemism in Word Choice | 第88-89页 |
| ·Beautifying Purchases through Translation | 第89页 |
| ·Creative Instead of Revertive Translation | 第89-90页 |
| ·Adding Words in Translation | 第90页 |
| ·Cultural Factors in Manipulating the Translation at the Level of Words and Expressions | 第90-97页 |
| ·Transliteration | 第91-92页 |
| ·Shift in Concept | 第92-93页 |
| ·Manipulation of the Image | 第93-94页 |
| ·Omission in Translation | 第94页 |
| ·Specific and Fuzzy Translation | 第94-95页 |
| ·Domestication and Foreignization | 第95-96页 |
| ·Manipulation in Translating Figures of Speech | 第96-97页 |
| Chapter Four Conclusion | 第97-99页 |
| ·Summary of the Present Study | 第97页 |
| ·Major findings from the Present Study | 第97页 |
| ·The Limitations of the Present Study | 第97-98页 |
| ·The Suggestions for Further Study | 第98-99页 |
| Bibliography | 第99-105页 |
