| 中文摘要 | 第1-4页 |
| Abstract | 第4-11页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第11-14页 |
| ·Background of the Study | 第11-12页 |
| ·Significance of the Study | 第12-13页 |
| ·Organization of the Thesis | 第13-14页 |
| Chapter 2 Literature Review | 第14-31页 |
| ·Definitions of Backwash | 第14-16页 |
| ·Classifications of Backwash | 第16-17页 |
| ·Working Mechanisms of Backwash | 第17-25页 |
| ·Alderson and Wall's Backwash Hypothesis | 第17-19页 |
| ·Hughes' Trichotomous Model | 第19页 |
| ·Bailey's Model of Backwash | 第19-21页 |
| ·Shih's Backwash Model of Students' Learning | 第21-23页 |
| ·Proposals to Promote Beneficial Backwash | 第23-25页 |
| ·Hughes' Proposals | 第23-24页 |
| ·Kellegan and Greaney's Proposals | 第24-25页 |
| ·Empirical Studies on Backwash | 第25-31页 |
| ·Major Empirical Studies on Backwash Abroad | 第25-27页 |
| ·Major Empirical Studies on Backwash in China | 第27-31页 |
| Chapter 3 Research Design | 第31-36页 |
| ·Research Questions | 第31页 |
| ·Research Instruments | 第31-34页 |
| ·Questionnaire Survey | 第32-33页 |
| ·Subjects | 第32页 |
| ·Design of Questionnaires | 第32-33页 |
| ·Interview | 第33-34页 |
| ·Research Procedures | 第34页 |
| ·Data Collection | 第34-36页 |
| Chapter 4 Results and Analysis | 第36-50页 |
| ·Results from Questionnaire Survey | 第36-44页 |
| ·Reading Attitude of Extra-curricular English Autonomous Reading | 第36-38页 |
| ·Reading Objectives of Extra-curricular English Autonomous Reading | 第38-40页 |
| ·Reading Time Allotment before CET4 of Extra-curricular Englisf Autonomous Reading | 第40-41页 |
| ·Reading Content of Extra-curricular English Autonomous Reading | 第41-43页 |
| ·Reading Methods and Strategies of Extra-curricular English Autonomous Reading | 第43-44页 |
| ·Results from Interviews | 第44-50页 |
| ·Results from Interviewing with the Freshmen | 第45-47页 |
| ·Results from Interviewing with the Sophomores | 第47-50页 |
| Chapter 5 Findings and Suggestions | 第50-56页 |
| ·Major Findings | 第50-51页 |
| ·Suggestions to Promote Positive Backwash of CET-4 Reading Test | 第51-56页 |
| ·Cultivating Extra-curricular English Reading Autonomy and Self-assessment | 第52-53页 |
| ·Giving Prominence to Teachers' Role in Promoting Positive Backwash | 第53-54页 |
| ·Making Reform of CET-4 Test Reading Itself | 第54-56页 |
| Chapter 6 Conclusions | 第56-59页 |
| ·Summary | 第56-57页 |
| ·Limitations | 第57-58页 |
| ·Suggestions for Further Research | 第58-59页 |
| Appendix 1:Questionnaire | 第59-61页 |
| Appendix 2:Interview questions | 第61-62页 |
| Bibliography | 第62-66页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第66-67页 |
