| ABSTRACT | 第3-4页 |
| 摘要 | 第5-6页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第6-12页 |
| CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION | 第12-18页 |
| 1.1 Research background of the study | 第12-14页 |
| 1.1.1 The nature of listening | 第12-14页 |
| 1.1.2 TEM-4 listening comprehension | 第14页 |
| 1.2 Purpose of the study | 第14-15页 |
| 1.3 Significance of the study | 第15-17页 |
| 1.3.1 Theoretical significance | 第15-16页 |
| 1.3.2 Pedagogical significance | 第16页 |
| 1.3.3 Methodological significance | 第16-17页 |
| 1.4 Overall structure of the thesis | 第17-18页 |
| CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW | 第18-37页 |
| 2.1 Definition of task | 第18-19页 |
| 2.2 The relationship between the characteristics of listening task and the difficulty of listening task | 第19-34页 |
| 2.2.1 The relationship between the characteristics of listening texts and the difficulty of listening task | 第19-26页 |
| 2.2.2 The relationship between the characteristics of listening items and the difficulty of listening task | 第26-29页 |
| 2.2.3 The relationship between the characteristics of listening text-item overlap and the difficulty of listening task | 第29-34页 |
| 2.3 Anderson’s three-phase model | 第34-37页 |
| CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | 第37-53页 |
| 3.1 Research questions | 第37-38页 |
| 3.2 Research participants | 第38页 |
| 3.3 Research design | 第38-47页 |
| 3.3.1 Research variables involved in this study | 第38-42页 |
| 3.3.2 Listening task | 第42-44页 |
| 3.3.3 Perception questionnaire | 第44页 |
| 3.3.4 Stimulated recall | 第44-45页 |
| 3.3.5 Listening difficulty analyzer | 第45-47页 |
| 3.4 Procedures | 第47-48页 |
| 3.4.1 Pretest | 第47页 |
| 3.4.2 Pilot study | 第47页 |
| 3.4.3 Main study | 第47-48页 |
| 3.5 Data collection and analysis | 第48-53页 |
| 3.5.1 Data collection | 第48-49页 |
| 3.5.2 Analysis of listening texts | 第49-53页 |
| CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第53-81页 |
| 4.1 Task difficulty: Results from Rasch analysis | 第53-55页 |
| 4.2 Listening task characteristics | 第55-60页 |
| 4.3 Listening task difficulty and task-related factors | 第60-70页 |
| 4.3.1 Listening task difficulty and text characteristics | 第60-65页 |
| 4.3.2 Listening task difficulty and item characteristics | 第65-66页 |
| 4.3.3 Listening task difficulty and text-item characteristics | 第66-70页 |
| 4.4 The characteristics which can better predict listening task difficulty | 第70-72页 |
| 4.5 Task difficulty and perceptions of task difficulty | 第72-74页 |
| 4.6 Stimulated recall comments: Sources of difficulty in listening comprehension | 第74-81页 |
| CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS | 第81-87页 |
| 5.1 Major findings | 第81-82页 |
| 5.2 Implications of the study | 第82-84页 |
| 5.2.1 Theoretical implication | 第82-83页 |
| 5.2.2 Practical implication | 第83-84页 |
| 5.3 Limitations and recommendations for future study | 第84-87页 |
| REFERENCES | 第87-97页 |
| APPENDIX Ⅰ | 第97-101页 |
| APPENDIX Ⅱ | 第101-102页 |
| APPENDIX Ⅲ | 第102-118页 |
| APPENDIX IV | 第118-120页 |
