| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第6-7页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第7页 |
| 摘要 | 第8-14页 |
| CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION | 第14-17页 |
| 1.1 Background of the study | 第14-15页 |
| 1.2 Significance of the study | 第15-16页 |
| 1.3 Organization of the study | 第16-17页 |
| CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW | 第17-27页 |
| 2.1 Definitions of washback | 第17-18页 |
| 2.2 Classification of washback | 第18-19页 |
| 2.2.1 Positive and negative washback | 第18页 |
| 2.2.2 Overt and covert washback | 第18-19页 |
| 2.3 Mechanism of washback | 第19-22页 |
| 2.3.1 Alderson & Wall’s wahback hypothesis | 第20-21页 |
| 2.3.2“PPP”Model by Hughes | 第21页 |
| 2.3.3 Shih’s Washback Model | 第21-22页 |
| 2.4 Empirical study on washback | 第22-27页 |
| 2.4.1 Empirical study of washback on students’ attitude | 第22-23页 |
| 2.4.2 Empirical study of washback on students’ learning process | 第23-24页 |
| 2.4.3 Empirical study of washback on students’ learning result | 第24-27页 |
| CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | 第27-39页 |
| 3.1 Research questions | 第27页 |
| 3.2 Research subjects | 第27-28页 |
| 3.3 Research instruments | 第28-33页 |
| 3.3.1 Questionnaires | 第28-32页 |
| 3.3.2 Interview | 第32-33页 |
| 3.4 Data Collection Procedure | 第33-34页 |
| 3.5 Data Analysis Methods | 第34-39页 |
| CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第39-66页 |
| 4.1 Students’ learning motivation and attitude change after reformed TEM-4 listening section | 第39-51页 |
| 4.1.1 Students’ learning motivation of reformed TEM-4 listening section | 第39-45页 |
| 4.1.2 Students’ attitude change of reformed TEM-4 listening section | 第45-51页 |
| 4.2 Perception of the change in reformed TEM-4 listening section | 第51-55页 |
| 4.2.1 Perception of pattern change in reformed TEM-4 listening section | 第51-52页 |
| 4.2.2 Perception of grade-distribution change in reformed TEM-4 listening section | 第52-53页 |
| 4.2.3 Perception of content change in reformed TEM-4 listening section | 第53-55页 |
| 4.3 Learning process changes by reformed TEM-4 listening section | 第55-61页 |
| 4.3.1 General analysis | 第55-57页 |
| 4.3.2 Factor analysis of behaviors | 第57-61页 |
| 4.4 Learning outcome changes by reformed TEM-4 listening section | 第61-66页 |
| 4.4.1 General analysis of learning outcome | 第61-62页 |
| 4.4.2 Factor analysis of learning outcomes | 第62-66页 |
| CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION | 第66-73页 |
| 5.1 Conclusions | 第66-68页 |
| 5.2 Implications | 第68-71页 |
| 5.2.1 Implication for students | 第68-70页 |
| 5.2.2 Implications for instructors | 第70页 |
| 5.2.3 Implications for TEM-4 listening practice | 第70-71页 |
| 5.3 Limitation of the study | 第71-72页 |
| 5.3.1 Limitation of research design | 第71-72页 |
| 5.3.2 Limitation of research subjects | 第72页 |
| 5.3.3 Limitation in the results analysis | 第72页 |
| 5.4 Suggestions for future research | 第72-73页 |
| REFERENCES | 第73-78页 |
| APPENDIX I | 第78-82页 |
| APPENDIX II | 第82页 |
