| 摘要 | 第4-6页 |
| Abstract | 第6-7页 |
| Chapter One Introduction | 第10-14页 |
| 1.1 Research Background | 第11-12页 |
| 1.2 Purpose of the Research | 第12页 |
| 1.3 Methodology of This Research | 第12-13页 |
| 1.4 Organization of This Thesis | 第13-14页 |
| Chapter Two Literature Review | 第14-34页 |
| 2.1 Cohesion Studies | 第14-23页 |
| 2.1.1 Cohesion Studies from the Perspective of Linguistics | 第14-21页 |
| 2.1.2 Cohesion Studies from the Perspective of Translation | 第21-23页 |
| 2.2 Cohesion in Textual Translation Studies | 第23-28页 |
| 2.2.1 Text as a Unit of Translation | 第24-25页 |
| 2.2.2 Reference and Its Cohesive Function | 第25-26页 |
| 2.2.3 Reference as a Cohesive Approach to Translation | 第26-28页 |
| 2.3 Introduction to The Old Man and the Sea and Its Translations | 第28-34页 |
| 2.3.1 Introduction to the Novella | 第28-29页 |
| 2.3.2 Related Studies on Translations of the Novella and Chang‘s Version | 第29-34页 |
| Chapter Three Theoretical Frame work for Reference | 第34-44页 |
| 3.1 Definition of Reference | 第34-36页 |
| 3.2 Classification of Reference | 第36-44页 |
| 3.2.1 Personal Reference | 第37-38页 |
| 3.2.2 Demonstrative Reference | 第38-41页 |
| 3.2.3 Comparative Reference | 第41-44页 |
| Chapter Four Translation of Reference as a Cohesive Tie | 第44-77页 |
| 4.1 Analysis of English Personal Reference in Its Translation | 第45-58页 |
| 4.1.1 Data Analysis of Personal References | 第45-46页 |
| 4.1.2 Similarities of Personal References Between English and C hinese | 第46-47页 |
| 4.1.3 Differences of Personal References Between English and C hinese | 第47-51页 |
| 4.1.3.1 Third Person Pronouns | 第47-49页 |
| 4.1.3.2 Reflexive Pronouns | 第49-50页 |
| 4.1.3.3 English Relative Pronouns and It | 第50-51页 |
| 4.1.4 Translation Strategies for Personal References | 第51-58页 |
| 4.1.4.1 Omission of Third Person Pronouns | 第52-55页 |
| 4.1.4.2 Replacement of Reflexive Pronouns | 第55-56页 |
| 4.1.4.3 Repetition of Referent | 第56-58页 |
| 4.2 Analysis of English Demonstrative Reference in Its Translation | 第58-69页 |
| 4.2.1 Data Analysis of Demonstrative References | 第58-59页 |
| 4.2.2 Similarities of Demonstrative References Between English and Chinese | 第59-60页 |
| 4.2.3 Differences of Demonstrative References Between English and C hinese | 第60-64页 |
| 4.2.3.1 “This” and “That” in English and “这” and “那” in Chinese | 第60-63页 |
| 4.2.3.2 Usage of ―the‖ in English | 第63-64页 |
| 4.2.4 Translation Strategies for Demonstrative References | 第64-69页 |
| 4.2.4.1 Distal Demonstratives into Proximal Demonstratives | 第64-68页 |
| 4.2.4.2 ―The‖ into Zero Reference or Demonstrative Pronouns | 第68-69页 |
| 4.3 Analysis of English Comparative Reference in Its Translation | 第69-77页 |
| 4.3.1 Data Analysis of Comparative References | 第70-71页 |
| 4.3.2 Similarities of Comparative References Between English and C hinese | 第71-72页 |
| 4.3.3 Differences of Comparative Re ferences Between English and C hinese | 第72-73页 |
| 4.3.3.1 Comparative Forms of Adjectives or Adverbs in English | 第72-73页 |
| 4.3.4 Translation Strategies for Comparative References | 第73-77页 |
| 4.3.4.1 Substitution into Corresponding Words | 第74-75页 |
| 4.3.4.2 Substitution by Lexical words or Grammatica l Structures | 第75-77页 |
| Chapter Five Conclusion | 第77-80页 |
| 5.1 Major Findings | 第77-79页 |
| 5.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Studies | 第79-80页 |
| 攻读学位期间的研究成果 | 第80-81页 |
| References | 第81-85页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第85-86页 |
