| 摘要 | 第6-8页 |
| abstract | 第8-10页 |
| CHAPTER ONE | 第19-34页 |
| 1.1 Introduction | 第19-21页 |
| 1.2 Adulteration in food | 第21页 |
| 1.3 Adulteration in milk | 第21-26页 |
| 1.3.1 Health problems caused by milk adulteration | 第23-24页 |
| 1.3.2 Common adulterants used in fresh cow milk | 第24-26页 |
| 1.3.2.1 Water | 第24-25页 |
| 1.3.2.2 Urea | 第25-26页 |
| 1.3.2.3 Starch | 第26页 |
| 1.3.2.4 Milk adulteration with milk from different sources | 第26页 |
| 1.4 Methods for detection adulteration | 第26-31页 |
| 1.4.1 Applications of Near-infrared (NIR) | 第27-31页 |
| 1.4.1.1 Electromagnetic spectrum | 第27-29页 |
| 1.4.1.2 Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy | 第29-31页 |
| 1.5 Statement of the problem | 第31-32页 |
| 1.6 Scope of study | 第32-33页 |
| 1.7 Objective of the study | 第33页 |
| 1.8 Specific objectives | 第33-34页 |
| CHATER TWO Application of Portable near-infrared for detection adulteration in milk | 第34-62页 |
| 2.1 Portable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy | 第34-36页 |
| 2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第36-46页 |
| 2.2.1 Sample preparation | 第36页 |
| 2.2.2 NIR measurements | 第36-39页 |
| 2.2.3 Statistical analysis | 第39-45页 |
| 2.2.3.1 Spectral preprocessing techniques | 第39-40页 |
| 2.2.3.1.1 Averaging | 第39页 |
| 2.2.3.1.2 Centering | 第39-40页 |
| 2.2.3.1.3 Smoothing | 第40页 |
| 2.2.3.2 chemometrics in Excel | 第40-44页 |
| 2.2.3.2.1 Discrimination models (SIMCA) | 第40-41页 |
| 2.2.3.2.1.1 Dataset 1 (Training) | 第41页 |
| 2.2.3.2.1.2 Dataset 2 (Test) | 第41页 |
| 2.2.3.2.2 NIR measurements | 第41-42页 |
| 2.2.3.2.3 Chemometrics, DD-SIMCA | 第42-44页 |
| Calculation of the acceptance area for a given type Ⅰ error | 第42-44页 |
| 2.2.3.3 Quantification models (PLSR) | 第44-45页 |
| 2.2.4 Comparison of statistical analysis methods | 第45-46页 |
| 2.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第46-60页 |
| 2.4.1 Spectral characteristics | 第46-47页 |
| 2.4.2 DD-SIMCA Classification | 第47-54页 |
| 2.4.2.1 Classification of control and other adulterated samples | 第48-49页 |
| 2.4.2.2 Classification of adulterated samples with water and other samples | 第49-51页 |
| 2.4.2.3 Classification of adulterated samples with urea and other samples | 第51-52页 |
| 2.4.2.4 Classification of adulterated samples with starch and other samples | 第52-53页 |
| 2.4.2.4 Classification of adulterated samples with goat milk and other samples | 第53-54页 |
| 2.4.3 Quantification of adulterant in milk | 第54-59页 |
| 2.4.4 Comparison of statistical analysis methods | 第59-60页 |
| 2.5 Conclusion | 第60-62页 |
| CHAPTER THREE Application of bench-top NIR for detection of cow milk adulteration | 第62-73页 |
| 3.1 bench-top (NIR) spectroscopy (NIRS DS2500) | 第62-63页 |
| 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第63-64页 |
| 3.2.1 Sample preparation | 第63页 |
| 3.2.2 NIR measurements | 第63页 |
| 3.2.3 Statistical analysis | 第63-64页 |
| 3.3 Results of bench-top NIR spectrometer | 第64-72页 |
| 3.3.1 DD-SIMCA Classification | 第64-69页 |
| 3.3.2 Quantification of adulterant in milk | 第69-72页 |
| Conclusion | 第72-73页 |
| CHAPTER FOUR Validation Models | 第73-78页 |
| Validation of portable NIR spectrometer by using unknown cow milk samples | 第73页 |
| 4.1 Samples | 第73页 |
| 4.2 Scanning samples | 第73-77页 |
| 4.3 Method for confirm presence of high level of urea in milk | 第77页 |
| 4.4 Conclusion | 第77-78页 |
| CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK | 第78-80页 |
| 5.1 Conclusions | 第78页 |
| 5.2 Future work | 第78-80页 |
| REFERNCES | 第80-93页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第93-94页 |
| CURRICULUM VITAE | 第94-113页 |
