| Introduction | 第1-13页 |
| Chapter 1 Theories Concerning Communicative Language Tests and their Backwash | 第13-21页 |
| 1．1 Theoretical framework of communicative language ability | 第13-17页 |
| 1．1．1 Hymes' theoretical framework of communicative competence | 第13-15页 |
| 1．1．2 Canale and Swain's theoretical framework of communicative competence | 第15页 |
| 1．1．3． Bachman's framework of communicative language ability | 第15-17页 |
| 1．2 Characteristics of communicative tests | 第17-18页 |
| 1．3 The development of communicative tests | 第18-19页 |
| 1．4 Theories and researches on backwash | 第19-21页 |
| Chapter 2 Study on the Characteristics of Communicative Listening Tests and the Problems in Present Listening Teaching | 第21-28页 |
| 2．1 The active nature of listening comprehension and characteristics of spoken language | 第21-22页 |
| 2．1．1 The active nature of listening comprehension | 第21页 |
| 2．1．2 Characteristics of spoken language | 第21-22页 |
| 2．2 Characteristics of communicative listening test | 第22-26页 |
| 2．2．1 The slection of listening materials | 第23-24页 |
| 2．2．2 The construction of listening tasks | 第24-26页 |
| 2．3 Problems in present listening teaching | 第26-27页 |
| 2．4 Conclusion | 第27-28页 |
| Chapter 3 The Application of Communicative Approach in Listening Teaching | 第28-39页 |
| 3．1 Listening materials | 第28-29页 |
| 3．1．1 Using Live speech | 第28-29页 |
| 3．1．2 Using recordings | 第29页 |
| 3．2 Listening tasks | 第29-33页 |
| 3．2．1 Performing physical tasks | 第30-31页 |
| 3．2．2 Transferring information | 第31-32页 |
| 3．2．3 Reformulating and evaluating information | 第32-33页 |
| 3．3 Listening teaching models in classroom | 第33-37页 |
| 3．3．1 Before-listening activities | 第33-35页 |
| 3．3．2 In-listening activities | 第35-37页 |
| 3．3．3 After-listening activities | 第37页 |
| 3．4 Conclusion | 第37-39页 |
| Chapter 4 An Experiment on Communicative Approach in Listening Teaching | 第39-49页 |
| 4．1 Objective of the Study | 第39页 |
| 4．2 Subjects | 第39页 |
| 4．3 Method | 第39-47页 |
| 4．3．1 Pre-test data and their interpretation | 第40-44页 |
| 4．3．2 Post-test data and their interpretation | 第44-47页 |
| 4．4 Summary | 第47-49页 |
| Conclusion | 第49-50页 |
| Bibliography | 第50-52页 |
| Appendix Ⅰ | 第52-53页 |
| Appendix Ⅱ | 第53-54页 |
| 福建师范大学学位论文使用授权声明 | 第54-55页 |
| 致谢 | 第55页 |
