| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第8-9页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第9-11页 |
| 摘要 | 第12-20页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅰ INTRODUCTION | 第20-23页 |
| 1.1 Research background | 第20-21页 |
| 1.2 Research purpose and significance | 第21页 |
| 1.3 Organization of the thesis | 第21-23页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅱ LITERATURE REVIEW | 第23-39页 |
| 2.1 Definitions of washback | 第23-24页 |
| 2.2 Researches on washback abroad | 第24-32页 |
| 2.2.1 Theoretical studies of washback | 第24-31页 |
| 2.2.1.1 Washback mechanisms | 第24-28页 |
| 2.2.1.2 Classification of washback | 第28-29页 |
| 2.2.1.3 Proposals to promote beneficial washback | 第29-31页 |
| 2.2.2 Empirical studies of washback | 第31-32页 |
| 2.3 Researches on washback in China | 第32-34页 |
| 2.4 Researches on dictation | 第34-39页 |
| 2.4.1 History of dictation | 第34-36页 |
| 2.4.2 Dictation in TEM4 | 第36-37页 |
| 2.4.3 The studies of dictation in China | 第37-39页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅲ RESEARCH METHODS | 第39-46页 |
| 3.1 Research purposes | 第39页 |
| 3.2 Research questions | 第39页 |
| 3.3 Research subjects | 第39-40页 |
| 3.4 Research Instruments | 第40-41页 |
| 3.5 Research Procedures | 第41-46页 |
| 3.5.1 Classroom observations | 第41-42页 |
| 3.5.2 Questionnaire surveys | 第42-44页 |
| 3.5.3 Interviews | 第44-46页 |
| CHAPTER ⅣRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS | 第46-64页 |
| 4.1 Results from questionnaires | 第46-57页 |
| 4.1.1 Perceptions of passage dictation and its nature | 第46-48页 |
| 4.1.2 The washback effect of passage dictation | 第48-56页 |
| 4.1.2.1 The washback effect on teaching and learning psychology | 第48-49页 |
| 4.1.2.2 The washback effect on teaching and learning assessment | 第49-51页 |
| 4.1.2.3 The washback effect on teaching and learning contents | 第51-53页 |
| 4.1.2.4 The washback effect on teaching and learning methods | 第53-55页 |
| 4.1.2.5 Perceptions of the washback effect on teaching and learning | 第55-56页 |
| 4.1.3 Suggestions provided to improve the listening teaching and learning | 第56-57页 |
| 4.2 Results from classroom observation | 第57-58页 |
| 4.3 Results from interviews | 第58-60页 |
| 4.3.1 Interviews with teachers | 第58-59页 |
| 4.3.2 Interviews with students | 第59-60页 |
| 4.4 Discussions | 第60-64页 |
| 4.4.1 The positive washback of TEM4 passage dictation on teachers and students | 第60-61页 |
| 4.4.2 The negative washback of TEM4 passage dictation on teachers and students | 第61-64页 |
| 4.4.2.1 Causes of negative washback on teachers | 第62-63页 |
| 4.4.2.2 Causes of negative washback on students | 第63-64页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅴ IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS | 第64-67页 |
| 5.1 Implications | 第64-65页 |
| 5.1.1 Implications for teachers and students | 第64页 |
| 5.1.2 Implications for school authorities | 第64-65页 |
| 5.2 Suggestions | 第65-67页 |
| 5.2.1 Suggestions on listening teaching | 第65页 |
| 5.2.2 Suggestions on listening learning | 第65-66页 |
| 5.2.3 Suggestions on school authorities | 第66-67页 |
| CHAPTER Ⅵ CONCLUSIONS | 第67-70页 |
| 6.1 Major findings | 第67-68页 |
| 6.2 Limitations of the study | 第68-69页 |
| 6.3 Recommendations for further studies | 第69-70页 |
| REFERENCES | 第70-74页 |
| APPENDIXⅠ Chinese version of teacher’s questionnaire | 第74-76页 |
| APPENDIXⅡ English version of teacher’s questionnaire | 第76-79页 |
| APPENDIX Ⅲ Chinese version of student’s questionnaire | 第79-81页 |
| APPENDIX Ⅳ Interview checklist for teacher | 第81-82页 |
| APPENDIX Ⅴ Interview checklist for student | 第82页 |
