| Part One:Introduction | 第10-13页 |
| 1.1 Theoretical Framework | 第11页 |
| 1.2 Data | 第11页 |
| 1.3 Overall Organization of the Paper | 第11-13页 |
| Part Two:Definition of Reference and Classification of Reference Items | 第13-24页 |
| 2.1 Definition of Reference | 第13-14页 |
| 2.2 Three Types of Reference | 第14-19页 |
| 2.2.1 Exophora | 第14-15页 |
| 2.2.2 Endophora | 第15-18页 |
| 2.2.3 Introphora | 第18-19页 |
| 2.3 Halliday and Hasan's Typological Classification of Reference Items | 第19-24页 |
| 2.3.1 Personal Reference | 第19-21页 |
| 2.3.2 Demonstrative Reference | 第21-22页 |
| 2.3.3 Comparative Reference | 第22-24页 |
| 2.3.3.1 General Comparison | 第22-23页 |
| 2.3.3.2 Particular Comparison | 第23-24页 |
| Part Three:Review of Related Literature | 第24-32页 |
| 3.1 Syntactic Approach to Reference | 第24-27页 |
| 3.2 Pragmatic Approach to Reference | 第27-30页 |
| 3.3 Cognitive Approach to Reference | 第30-32页 |
| Part Four:Reference Items in English and Chinese | 第32-50页 |
| 4.1 Reference Items in English | 第32-42页 |
| 4.1.1 Personal Reference Items in English | 第32-36页 |
| 4.1.2 Demonstrative Reference Items in English | 第36-39页 |
| 4.1.3 Comparative Reference Items in English | 第39-42页 |
| 4.1.3.1 General Comparative Reference Items in English | 第39-40页 |
| 4.1.3.2 Particular Comparative Reference Items in English | 第40-42页 |
| 4.2 Reference Items in Chinese | 第42-50页 |
| 4.2.1 Personal Reference Items in Chinese | 第42-45页 |
| 4.2.2 Demonstrative Reference Items in Chinese | 第45-47页 |
| 4.2.3 Comparative Reference Items in Chinese | 第47-50页 |
| 4.2.3.1 General Comparative Reference Items in Chinese | 第47-48页 |
| 4.2.3.2 Particular Comparative Reference Items in Chinese | 第48-50页 |
| Part Five:A Contrast between Reference in English and Chinese | 第50-66页 |
| 5.1 Personal Reference | 第50-55页 |
| 5.2 Demonstrative Reference | 第55-60页 |
| 5.2.1 The Differences between English and Chinese Distantial Reference Items | 第55-59页 |
| 5.2.2 Neutral Demonstrative Reference "the" | 第59-60页 |
| 5.2.3 Relative Pronouns in English | 第60页 |
| 5.3 Comparative Reference | 第60-64页 |
| 5.3.1 General Comparison | 第60-62页 |
| 5.3.2 Particular Comparison | 第62-64页 |
| 5.4 Summary | 第64-66页 |
| Part Six:Factors Causing the Differences between English and Chinese Referential Expressions | 第66-72页 |
| 6.1 The Relationships between Reference in English and Other Cohesive Means in Chinese | 第66-68页 |
| 6.1.1 Reference and Ellipsis | 第66-67页 |
| 6.1.2 Reference and Reiteration | 第67-68页 |
| 6.2 Hypotaxis of English and Parataxis of Chinese | 第68-69页 |
| 6.3 The Thinking Modes of English and Chinese People | 第69-72页 |
| Part Seven:Strategies of Translating English Reference Items into Chinese | 第72-77页 |
| 7.1 The Strategies of Translating English Personal Reference Items into Chinese | 第73-74页 |
| 7.1.1 Omitting Personal Reference Items | 第73-74页 |
| 7.1.2 Replacing Personal Reference Items with Their Referents and Demonstrative Reference items | 第74页 |
| 7.2 The Strategies of Translating English Demonstrative Reference Items into Chinese | 第74-76页 |
| 7.2.1 Omitting Demonstrative Reference Items | 第75页 |
| 7.2.2 Replacing Demonstrative Reference Items with Personal Reference Items | 第75-76页 |
| 7.3 The Strategies of Translating English Comparative Reference Items into Chinese | 第76-77页 |
| Part Eight:Conclusion | 第77-79页 |
| Bibliography | 第79-81页 |
