| Acknowledgements | 第1-5页 |
| Abstract | 第5-7页 |
| 摘要 | 第7-12页 |
| Introduction | 第12-14页 |
| Chapter 1 Literature Background of Discourse Markers | 第14-30页 |
| ·Definition of Discourse Markers | 第14-17页 |
| ·Previous Study of Discourse Markers | 第17-30页 |
| ·Previous Study of Discourse Markers | 第17-24页 |
| ·Coherence Approach | 第19-20页 |
| ·Grammar Approach | 第20-21页 |
| ·Relevant Approach | 第21-23页 |
| ·Sociolinguistic Approach | 第23-24页 |
| ·Previous Study of Gender Differences in Language | 第24-26页 |
| ·Previous Study of Gender Differences of Discourse Markers | 第26-30页 |
| Chapter 2 Gender Differences in the Employment of Discourse Markers in Conversation | 第30-44页 |
| ·Method to Analyze the Employment of Certain Discourse Markers | 第31-36页 |
| ·The Brief Introduction of Participants in Conversation | 第31页 |
| ·The Experimental Procedure in the Analysis of Conversation | 第31-33页 |
| ·The Introduction of Settings in Conversation | 第31-32页 |
| ·The Topics Chosen in Conversation | 第32-33页 |
| ·Linguistic Measures to Analyze the Discourse Markers Employed in Conversation | 第33-36页 |
| ·Linguistic Measures to Analyze Sort Of in Conversation | 第33-34页 |
| ·Linguistic Measures to Analyze You Know in Conversation | 第34-36页 |
| ·Likert-Type Rating Scale Employed in the Conversation | 第36-40页 |
| ·Competitive/Noncompetitive Manipulation Checks and Findings | 第36-37页 |
| ·Competitive/Noncompetitive Manipulation Checks | 第36页 |
| ·Findings in Participants Ratings of Competitiveness | 第36-37页 |
| ·Data Preparation for the Subcategories of Sort of and You know in Conversation | 第37页 |
| ·Significant Main Effects in Data Analysis | 第37-40页 |
| ·The Influence of Gender Differences on Discourse Markers | 第37页 |
| ·The Influence of Contextual Variables on Discourse Markers | 第37-40页 |
| ·Summary | 第40页 |
| ·Findings in the Analysis of Conversation | 第40-44页 |
| ·The Influence of Speaker's Gender on the Employment of Discourse Markers | 第40-41页 |
| ·Absence Effect of Speaker's Gender on the Employment of Discourse Markers | 第40页 |
| ·Possible Explanations for the Findings | 第40-41页 |
| ·The Influence of Contextual Variables in Conversation | 第41-44页 |
| ·The Effect of Situational Competitiveness on the Employment of Discourse Markers | 第41-42页 |
| ·The Effect of Audience Gender on the Employment of Discourse Markers | 第42-44页 |
| Chapter 3 Sociolinguistic Distribution of Discourse Markers in the Speech of Women and Men | 第44-56页 |
| ·The Categories of Discourse Markers' Functions Employed in Speech | 第45-46页 |
| ·Sociolinguistic Distribution of Certain Discourse Markers among Instructors | 第46-51页 |
| ·An Investigation of the Influence of Gender Differences on Instructors' Speech | 第46-51页 |
| ·Gender and Structures Used by Instructors in Lectures | 第46-47页 |
| ·Gender Differences and Structures Used by Instructors in Seminars | 第47-48页 |
| ·Academic Discipline used By Instructors in both Lectures and Seminars | 第48-49页 |
| ·Possible Explanation for Certain Discourse Markers in Different Lectures and Seminars | 第49-51页 |
| ·Sociolinguistic Distribution of Certain Discourse Markers among Students | 第51-54页 |
| ·Conversational Role of Students in Using Discourse Markers | 第51-52页 |
| ·Gender Differences and Discipline Variation of Students in Using Discourse Markers | 第52-54页 |
| ·Discipline Variation of Students in Using Discourse Markers | 第52页 |
| ·Gender Differences of Students in Using Discourse Markers | 第52-54页 |
| ·Social Role of Students in Using Discourse Markers | 第54页 |
| ·Findings in the Analysis of Speech | 第54-56页 |
| ·Least Effect of Gender Differences on the Employment of Discourse Markers | 第54-55页 |
| ·Contextual Constraints of Discourse Markers in Speech | 第55-56页 |
| Chapter 4 Result of the Study and the Implication of Practising Discourse Markers in Oral English Class | 第56-66页 |
| ·Result of the Study | 第56-58页 |
| ·The Existence of Gender Differences in the Employment of Discourse Markers | 第56页 |
| ·The Variables Effect the Employment of Discourse Markers | 第56-58页 |
| ·Audience Gender | 第56-57页 |
| ·Situational Competitiveness | 第57页 |
| ·Contextual Constraints | 第57-58页 |
| ·The Implication of Practising Discourse Markers in Oral English Class | 第58-66页 |
| ·Situations inappropriate for Certain Discourse Markers | 第58-60页 |
| ·Airline Flight Crew Communication | 第59页 |
| ·The Speech of High-Status Conversational Participants | 第59页 |
| ·The Situation of a Large Group of Addressees | 第59页 |
| ·The Frequency of Using Discourse Markers | 第59-60页 |
| ·Activities for Practising Discourse Markers in Oral English Class | 第60-62页 |
| ·To Arouse Curiosity | 第60-61页 |
| ·To Perform Specific Function | 第61-62页 |
| ·A Designed Course in Practising Discourse Markers in Oral English Class | 第62-66页 |
| ·Description of the Activity in the Designed Course | 第62-63页 |
| ·Procedure of the Designed Course of Practising Discourse Markers in Oral English Class | 第63-64页 |
| ·Rationale of the Designed Course | 第64页 |
| ·Alternatives and Caveats of the Designed Course | 第64-65页 |
| ·Oral Practice Resource | 第65-66页 |
| Conclusion | 第66-67页 |
| Bibliography | 第67-69页 |
| Appendix | 第69页 |
