| 摘要 | 第6-8页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第8-9页 |
| CHAPTER 1 GANERAL INTRODUCTION | 第21-24页 |
| 1.1. Significance of the study | 第23-24页 |
| Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 第24-57页 |
| 2.1. Mycotoxins Penicillum verrucosum,Aspergills clavatus ,A.ochraceus | 第24-25页 |
| 2.2. Mycotoxins and animal productivity | 第25-26页 |
| 2.3. The effect of mycotoxins on rumen | 第26页 |
| 2.4. Effect of mycotoxins on digestive tract | 第26-31页 |
| 2.5. The interaction of mycotoxins | 第31-34页 |
| 2.6. Interaction effect of mycotoxins on digestibility and body weight | 第34-35页 |
| 2.7. Aflatoxin | 第35-49页 |
| 2.7.1. Biotransformation of aflatoxin | 第36-37页 |
| 2.7.2. Effect of AFB1 on protein synthesis | 第37-38页 |
| 2.7.3. The effects of aflatoxins on Liver | 第38-39页 |
| 2.7.4. The effects of aflatoxins on kidney | 第39页 |
| 2.7.5. The effects of aflatoxins on gastrointestinal tract | 第39-40页 |
| 2.7.6. The effects of aflatoxins on Immune System | 第40页 |
| 2.7.7. Aflatoxins Metabolism in Rumen | 第40页 |
| 2.7.8. Excretion of AFB1 with Metabolites | 第40-42页 |
| 2.7.8.1. Excretion of AFB1 with metabolite in urine | 第40页 |
| 2.7.8.2. Bile and Feces Excretion | 第40-42页 |
| 2.7.9. Aflatoxins M1 | 第42页 |
| 2.7.10. Carry.Over of AFB1 in Milk | 第42-46页 |
| 2.7.11. Metabolism of AFB1 in urine and feces | 第46-47页 |
| 2.7.12. Effect of AFB1 on feed consumption, body weight and nutrient digestibility | 第47-49页 |
| 2.7.13. Effect of AFB1 on protein | 第49页 |
| 2.7.14. Effect of AFB1 on carbohydrate | 第49页 |
| 2.8 The Ochratoxin | 第49-52页 |
| 2.8.1 Effect of OTA on performance | 第50-51页 |
| 2.8.2 The metabolism of OTA | 第51-52页 |
| 2.9 The Zeralenone | 第52-57页 |
| 2.9.1 Metabolism of Zeralenone | 第53-54页 |
| 2.9.2 The effect of Zeralenone on rumen | 第54页 |
| 2.9.3 The effect of Zeralenone on gastro intestinal tract and liver | 第54-55页 |
| 2.9.4 Excretion and carryover of zearalenone and its metabolites | 第55页 |
| 2.9.5 The impact of Zearalenone on health and performance | 第55-57页 |
| Chapter 3 The effect combination of aflatoxin B1 ,Ochratoxin and Zearalenone in fed on performance and nutrient digestibility in lactating dairy goats | 第57-71页 |
| 3.1 ABTRACT | 第57页 |
| 3.2 Introduction | 第57-59页 |
| 3.3 Material and Method | 第59-61页 |
| 3.3.1 Experimental design, animals and management | 第59页 |
| 3.3.2 Prepare of mycotoxins | 第59-60页 |
| 3.3.3 Fecal and urine sample for digestibility determination | 第60页 |
| 3.3.4 Calculation | 第60-61页 |
| 3.3.5 Statistical analyses | 第61页 |
| 3.4. Results | 第61-66页 |
| 3.4.1 DMI and Body weight | 第61-62页 |
| 3.4.2 Nutrient digestibility | 第62-66页 |
| 3.5 Discussion | 第66-70页 |
| 3.6.Conclusion | 第70-71页 |
| CHAPTER 4 The Transfer of Aflatoxin M1 in milk from dairy goats contaminated by a pure Aflatoxin B1 singleor combined with Ochratoxin and Zeralenone in diet | 第71-87页 |
| 4.1 Summary | 第71页 |
| 4.2 Introduction | 第71-73页 |
| 4.3 Material and Method | 第73-75页 |
| 4.3.1 Experimental design ,animals and management | 第73页 |
| 4.3.2 Feeding and treatment | 第73页 |
| 4.3.3 Preparation of aflatoxin ,ochratoxin and zearalenone | 第73-74页 |
| 4.3.4 Milk sample | 第74-75页 |
| 4.3.5 Calculation | 第75页 |
| 4.3.6 Statistical analyses | 第75页 |
| 4.4 Result | 第75-84页 |
| 4.4.1 Milk production and composition | 第75-80页 |
| 4.4.2 Excretion of milk and carry over | 第80-84页 |
| 4.5 Discussion | 第84-86页 |
| 4.6 conclusion | 第86-87页 |
| Chapter 5 Elimination of AFB1, OTA and ZEA in urine and feces, in lactating dairy goats fed with aflatoxin,Ochratoxin and Zearalenone | 第87-116页 |
| 5.1 Abstract | 第87页 |
| 5.2 Introduction | 第87-90页 |
| 5.3 The material and method | 第90-91页 |
| 5.3.1 Experimental design ,animals and management | 第90页 |
| 5.3.2 Feeding and treatment | 第90页 |
| 5.3.3 Preparation of Aflatoxin , Ochratoxin and Zearalenone | 第90页 |
| 5.3.4 Fecal and urine sample for detection of mycotoxins | 第90页 |
| 5.3.5 Pretreatment and detection of AFB1,OTA and ZEA in feces | 第90-91页 |
| 5.3.6 Pretreatment and detection of AFB1,OTA and ZEA in urine | 第91页 |
| 5.3.7. Statistical analyses | 第91页 |
| 5.4 Results | 第91-111页 |
| 5.4.1. Excretion of AFB1 and AFM1 in feces | 第91-94页 |
| 5.4.2 Excretion of AFB1 and AFM1 in urine | 第94-98页 |
| 5.4.3 The excretion of OTA in urine and feces | 第98-101页 |
| 5.4.4 The excretion of ZEA in urine and feces | 第101-103页 |
| 5.4.5 The excretion of α. ZEA in urine and feces | 第103-105页 |
| 5.4.6. Metabolism of OTA ,ZEA and α.ZEA in urine and feces | 第105-110页 |
| 5.4.7. Total recovery of OTA and ZEA | 第110-111页 |
| 5.5 Discussion | 第111-114页 |
| 5.6 conclusion | 第114-116页 |
| CONCLUSION | 第116-118页 |
| REFRENCES | 第118-143页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第143-144页 |
| CURRICULUM VITAE | 第144页 |
