| Acknowledgements | 第7-15页 |
| 摘要 | 第15-17页 |
| Abstract | 第17-19页 |
| List of abbreviations use in this thesis | 第20-23页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第23-28页 |
| 1.1 Introduction | 第23-24页 |
| 1.2 Soybean(Glycines max (L.) Merrill) and its utilization | 第24-25页 |
| 1.3 Aims and objectives of the study | 第25页 |
| 1.4 Research justification | 第25-28页 |
| 1.4.1 Alleviation of nematode threats to global food security | 第26页 |
| 1.4.2 Mitigation of agricultural greenhouse gasses (AGHG) emissions | 第26页 |
| 1.4.3 Commitment made by China to reduce carbon emission | 第26页 |
| 1.4.4 Environmental protection | 第26-27页 |
| 1.4.5 Natural resource development | 第27-28页 |
| Chapter 2 Literature review | 第28-50页 |
| 2.1 Nematode as pests of crops | 第28页 |
| 2.2 Crop yield losses due to soybean cyst nematode(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe 1952) | 第28-30页 |
| 2.3 Crop yield losses due to root knot nematode(Meloidogyne spp.) | 第30-32页 |
| 2.4 Utilization of plant materials as organic amendments (OA) in pest and diseases control | 第32-36页 |
| 2.5 Factors influencing efficacy of plant material organic amendments (OA) in nematodes control | 第36-50页 |
| 2.5.1 Natural factors affecting control of nematodes using OA | 第37-45页 |
| 2.5.1.1 Effect of the soil properties on nematodes control using OA | 第37-41页 |
| 2.5.1.1.1 Soil moisture | 第37-39页 |
| 2.5.1.1.2 Soil temperature | 第39页 |
| 2.5.1.1.3 Soil structure | 第39-40页 |
| 2.5.1.1.4 Soil pH | 第40-41页 |
| 2.5.1.1.5 Soil biological condition | 第41页 |
| 2.5.1.2 Effect of characteristics of the plant on its efficacy | 第41-44页 |
| 2.5.1.2.1 Carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio | 第41-42页 |
| 2.5.1.2.2 Chemicals compounds | 第42-43页 |
| 2.5.1.2.3 High rates of application | 第43页 |
| 2.5.1.2.4 Inconsistent efficacy | 第43-44页 |
| 2.5.1.2.5 Unsuitable formulation and application | 第44页 |
| 2.5.1.3 Influence of time on nematodes control using OA | 第44-45页 |
| 2.5.2 Anthropogenic factors influencing utilization of OA | 第45-50页 |
| 2.5.2.1 Introduction of synthetic agrochemicals in the 20~(th) century | 第45-47页 |
| 2.5.2.2 Poor public perception on OA utility | 第47页 |
| 2.5.2.3 Lack of adequate multidisciplinary research | 第47页 |
| 2.5.2.4 Fear of risks and uncertainties | 第47-48页 |
| 2.5.2.5 High labor requirement | 第48页 |
| 2.5.2.6 Regulations against use of some OA | 第48-50页 |
| Chapter 3 Molecular identification of H. glycines from Taigu, Shanxi Province | 第50-57页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第50页 |
| 3.2 DNA extraction | 第50页 |
| 3.3 Polymerase chain reaction electrophoresis and DNA visualization | 第50-52页 |
| 3.4 DNA purification | 第52-53页 |
| 3.5 DNA ligation and cloning of vector cells | 第53-54页 |
| 3.6 Results | 第54-56页 |
| 3.7 Discussion | 第56页 |
| 3.8 Conclusion | 第56-57页 |
| Chapter 4 in-vitro experiments to assess the nematoxic effect of plantsmaterials on nematodes eggs and juvenile | 第57-72页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第57页 |
| 4.2 Materials and methods | 第57-65页 |
| 4.2.1 Plant materials procurement | 第57-58页 |
| 4.2.2 Preparation of aqueous extracts of plant materials | 第58-59页 |
| 4.2.3 Culture and extraction procedures for Meloidogyne spp. inoculums | 第59页 |
| 4.2.4 Culture and extraction procedures for of H. glycines inoculums | 第59-60页 |
| 4.2.5 Effect of extracts onegg hatch of H. glycines and Meloidogyne spp | 第60-61页 |
| 4.2.6 Effect of aqueous extracts onmortality of second stage juveniles of H. glycines and Meloidogyne spp | 第61-62页 |
| 4.2.7 Laboratory experiments on effect of solvent extracts on H. glycines | 第62-65页 |
| 4.2.7.1 Preparation of triterpenic saponins extracts | 第62-64页 |
| 4.2.7.2 Evaluation of neem/brassica combinations | 第64-65页 |
| 4.3 Statistical analysis | 第65页 |
| 4.4 Results | 第65-72页 |
| 4.4.1 Results of effect of aqueous extracts on H. glycines egg hatch | 第65-67页 |
| 4.4.2 Results of effect of aqueous extracts on H. glycinesJ2 mortality | 第67-68页 |
| 4.4.3 Results of effect of aqueous extracts on M. incognita egg hatch | 第68-70页 |
| 4.4.4 Results of effect of aqueous extracts on M. incognita J2 mortality | 第70-72页 |
| Chapter 5 Greenhouseexperiments to determine the effect of plantmaterials on H. glycine adult infecting soybean | 第72-81页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第72页 |
| 5.2 Preparation of soybean test plant | 第72-73页 |
| 5.3 Bioassay experiment on effect of aqueous extracts on H. glycines and soybean | 第73页 |
| 5.4 Bioassay experiments on effect of solvent extracts on H. glycines and soybean | 第73-74页 |
| 5.5 Statistical analysis | 第74页 |
| 5.6 Results | 第74-79页 |
| 5.6.1 Effect of extracts on H. glycines and soybean | 第74-79页 |
| 5.7 Discussion and conclusion | 第79-81页 |
| Chapter 6 Field experiments to determine the nematicidal effect ofplant materials on H. glycine population | 第81-101页 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 第81-82页 |
| 6.2 Experiment site | 第82页 |
| 6.3 Experimental design | 第82-83页 |
| 6.4 Cysts extraction from soil and nematodes count | 第83页 |
| 6.5 Statistical analysis | 第83-84页 |
| 6.6 Results | 第84-97页 |
| 6.6.1 Effect of the three different quantities of plant material application on nematodes initial population (Pi) for 2011 and 2012 experiments | 第84页 |
| 6.6.2. Effect of the three different quantities of plant material application on nematodes final population (Pf) for 2011 and 2012 experiments | 第84-85页 |
| 6.6.3 Effect of the three different levels of plant material application on H. glycines cysts for 2011 and 2012 experiments | 第85-86页 |
| 6.6.4 Effect of the three different levels of plant material application on soybean shoot heights and root length for 2011 and 2012 experiments | 第86-87页 |
| 6.6.5 Effect of the three different levels of plant material application on soybean pod numbers for 2011 and 2012 experiments | 第87-88页 |
| 6.6.6 Analysis for 2011 experiment on the effect of plant materials on soybean cyst nematodes (H. glycines) in Taigu, Shanxi Province | 第88-90页 |
| 6.6.7 Analysis for 2011 experiment on the effect of plant materials on. soybean growth and yield | 第90-92页 |
| 6.6.8 Analysis for 2012 experiment on the effect of plant materials on soybean cyst nematodes (H.glycines) in Taigu, Shanxi Province | 第92-93页 |
| 6.6.9 Analysis for 2012 experiment on the effect of plant materials on soybean growth and yield of soybean | 第93-95页 |
| 6.6.10 Combine analysis for two 2011 and 2012 experiments on the effect of plant materials on H. glycines | 第95-96页 |
| 6.6.11 Combine analysis for 2011 and 2012 experiments on the effect of plant materials on soybean growth and yield parameters | 第96-97页 |
| 6.7 Discussion | 第97-99页 |
| 6.8 Conclusion | 第99-101页 |
| Chapter 7 Toxicity of ammonia oxidizing archaea to nematodes | 第101-110页 |
| 7.1 Introduction | 第101页 |
| 7.2 Materials and methods | 第101-105页 |
| 7.2.1 Culture of the archaea | 第101-102页 |
| 7.2.2 Exposure of nematodes to archaea gas | 第102页 |
| 7.2.3 Electron microscopy | 第102-104页 |
| 7.2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy | 第102页 |
| 7.2.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy | 第102-104页 |
| 7.2.4 Exposure of mice to archaea gas | 第104-105页 |
| 7.3 Results of archaea toxicity | 第105-108页 |
| 7.4 Discussion on archaea toxicity | 第108页 |
| 7.5 Conclusion on archaea toxicity | 第108-110页 |
| Chapter 8. General conclusion | 第110-115页 |
| References | 第115-138页 |
| Appendix A (Equiptments) | 第138-139页 |
| Appendix B (Reagents) | 第139-141页 |
| Apendix C (Map of pUCM-T vector) | 第141页 |
