| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第3-4页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第4-5页 |
| 摘要 | 第6-12页 |
| Chapter One Introduction | 第12-15页 |
| 1.1 Research background | 第12-13页 |
| 1.2 Significance of the study | 第13页 |
| 1.3 Overall structure of this study | 第13-15页 |
| Chapter Two Literature Review | 第15-28页 |
| 2.1 Major concepts in the study | 第15-18页 |
| 2.1.1 Teacher scaffolding | 第15-17页 |
| 2.1.2 Referential question | 第17页 |
| 2.1.3 Students' immediate language output | 第17-18页 |
| 2.2 Theoretical frameworks | 第18-23页 |
| 2.2.1 Classroom discourse | 第19-20页 |
| 2.2.2 Interaction hypothesis | 第20-21页 |
| 2.2.3 Output hypothesis | 第21-22页 |
| 2.2.4 Scaffolding theory | 第22-23页 |
| 2.3 Previous studies on teacher scaffolding | 第23-28页 |
| 2.3.1 Studies on teacher scaffolding abroad | 第23-24页 |
| 2.3.2 Studies on teacher scaffolding at home | 第24-26页 |
| 2.3.3 Comments and enlightenment | 第26-28页 |
| Chapter Three Methodology | 第28-34页 |
| 3.1 Research question | 第28页 |
| 3.2 Research subjects | 第28-30页 |
| 3.3 Research instruments | 第30页 |
| 3.4 Data collection and analysis | 第30-34页 |
| Chapter Four Results and Discussion | 第34-68页 |
| 4.1 Teachers' preference in providing scaffolding | 第34-42页 |
| 4.1.1 Distribution of teacher scaffolding in 14 classes | 第34-37页 |
| 4.1.2 Distribution of teacher scaffolding in each type | 第37-42页 |
| 4.2 Students' language output initiated by teacher scaffolding | 第42-57页 |
| 4.2.1 Complexity of students' language output | 第42-45页 |
| 4.2.2 Forms of students' language output | 第45-51页 |
| 4.2.3 Quantity of students' language output in each form | 第51-57页 |
| 4.3 Effect of teacher scaffolding on students' language output | 第57-68页 |
| 4.3.1 Inviting students to contribute clues | 第58-59页 |
| 4.3.2 Direction maintenance | 第59页 |
| 4.3.3 Marking critical feature | 第59-62页 |
| 4.3.4 Verifying and clarifying students' understanding | 第62-64页 |
| 4.3.5 Inviting participation | 第64-65页 |
| 4.3.6 Frustration control | 第65-66页 |
| 4.3.7 Reduction in degree of freedom | 第66-68页 |
| Chapter Five Conclusion and Implications | 第68-75页 |
| 5.1 Major findings | 第68-71页 |
| 5.1.1 Teachers' preference in providing scaffolding | 第68-69页 |
| 5.1.2 Students' language output following teacher scaffolding | 第69-70页 |
| 5.1.3 Effect of teacher scaffolding on students' language output | 第70-71页 |
| 5.2 Pedagogic implications | 第71-74页 |
| 5.3 Limitations | 第74-75页 |
| REFERENCES | 第75-79页 |
| Appendix 1: Transcription conventions | 第79-80页 |
| Appendix 2: Sample transcription | 第80-81页 |
| 攻读学位期间发表的学术论文 | 第81-83页 |
