| 摘要 | 第6-8页 |
| abstract | 第8-10页 |
| 英文缩略表 | 第16-18页 |
| 1 Introduction | 第18-24页 |
| 1.1 Soybean saponins | 第18-19页 |
| 1.2 Chemical structures of group A saponins and their properties | 第19页 |
| 1.3 Chemical structures of DDMP saponins and their properties | 第19页 |
| 1.4 Chemical structures of group α saponins and their properties | 第19-20页 |
| 1.5 Biosynthetic genes involved in soybean saponins | 第20-22页 |
| 1.6 Utilization of the saponin mutants to the soybean breeding | 第22-23页 |
| 1.7 Objective of this study | 第23-24页 |
| 2 Seed saponin composition in Chinese wild soybeans | 第24-32页 |
| 2.1 Objective | 第24页 |
| 2.2 Materials and methods | 第24-26页 |
| 2.2.1 Plant materials and chemicals | 第24页 |
| 2.2.2 Saponin extraction from seed hypocotyls | 第24页 |
| 2.2.3 Thin later chromatography (TLC) analysis | 第24-26页 |
| 2.2.4 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis | 第26页 |
| 2.3 Results | 第26-30页 |
| 2.3.1 Saponin composition and phenotypes | 第26页 |
| 2.3.2 Identification of the novel phenotype Au Ae | 第26页 |
| 2.3.3 Identification of the novel phenotypes A0 and A0Bc | 第26-29页 |
| 2.3.4 Identification of three separate components of group α saponin H-αg, I-αg, and J-αg in different individuals of wild soybeans | 第29页 |
| 2.3.5 Identification of a high-content group E saponin Bd | 第29-30页 |
| 2.4 Discussion | 第30-32页 |
| 2.4.1 Saponin compositional phenotypes in seed hypocotyls of Chinese wild soybean accessions | 第30-31页 |
| 2.4.2 Possible polygenic mechanism for group α saponin biosynthesis | 第31页 |
| 2.4.3 The significance of finding a rare, high Bd-accumulating accession | 第31-32页 |
| 3 Chemical structural analysis of four new unknown saponin components identified in Chinese wild soybeans | 第32-45页 |
| 3.1 Objective | 第32页 |
| 3.2 Materials and methods | 第32-33页 |
| 3.2.1 Seed materials and chemicals | 第32页 |
| 3.2.2 Saponin extraction from seed hypocotyls | 第32页 |
| 3.2.3 LC-high resolution (HR) MS and MS/MS analyses | 第32-33页 |
| 3.2.4 Purification of new saponin A-αg and KA-αg | 第33页 |
| 3.2.5 Acid hydrolysis of saponin extracts | 第33页 |
| 3.3 Results | 第33-41页 |
| 3.3.1 Chemical structural analysis of new saponin component K-αg | 第33-34页 |
| 3.3.2 Chemical structural analysis of new saponin component HAb-αg | 第34-36页 |
| 3.3.3 Resolution of chemical structures of new saponin components KA-αg and A-αg | 第36-41页 |
| 3.4 Discussion | 第41-45页 |
| 3.4.1 Existence of more saponin mutants identified in Chinese wild soybean accessions | 第41页 |
| 3.4.2 The new saponin biosynthetic gene (Sg-7) controlling to bind an arabinose at the C-22 position of group A saponins | 第41-42页 |
| 3.4.3 The denomination principles in the new systematic nomenclature for future findings of new saponin components | 第42-45页 |
| 4 Analysis of relative saponin concentration in Chinese wild soybeans | 第45-59页 |
| 4.1 Objective | 第45页 |
| 4.2 Materials and methods | 第45-46页 |
| 4.2.1 Plant materials | 第45页 |
| 4.2.2 Sample extraction | 第45页 |
| 4.2.3 LC-MS analysis | 第45-46页 |
| 4.2.4 Determination of soybean saponin concentration | 第46页 |
| 4.3 Results | 第46-54页 |
| 4.3.1 Effluence time and relative concentration of saponins in seed extracts | 第46-47页 |
| 4.3.2 Saponin concentration in seed hypocotyl extracts | 第47-48页 |
| 4.3.3 Saponin concentration in seed cotyledon extracts | 第48-49页 |
| 4.3.4 Comparison of saponin concentration between G. soja and G. gracilis types | 第49-54页 |
| 4.4 Discussion | 第54-59页 |
| 4.4.1 The ratios of saponin components in wild soybeans | 第54-55页 |
| 4.4.2 There was a possible genetic regulation mechanism for group A expression | 第55-56页 |
| 4.4.3 Useful gene resources for soybean breeding from viewpoint of saponin concentration | 第56-59页 |
| 5 Genetic diversity and differentiation in geographical populations of Chinese wild soybeans | 第59-70页 |
| 5.1 Objective | 第59页 |
| 5.2 Materials and methods | 第59-61页 |
| 5.2.1 Plant materials | 第59页 |
| 5.2.2 Data analysis of diversity | 第59-61页 |
| 5.3 Results | 第61-67页 |
| 5.3.1 Frequencies of saponin phenotypes | 第61页 |
| 5.3.2 Geographical distribution of saponin phenotypes | 第61-62页 |
| 5.3.3 Geographically phenotypic diversity (I_p) of saponin composition | 第62页 |
| 5.3.4 Frequencies and geographical distribution of saponin alleles | 第62-65页 |
| 5.3.5 Gene diversity and differentiation of saponin alleles | 第65页 |
| 5.3.6 Geographically genetic diversity of saponin alleles | 第65-66页 |
| 5.3.7 Geographically genetic relationship in Chinese wild soybeans | 第66-67页 |
| 5.4 Discussion | 第67-70页 |
| 5.4.1 Geographical differentiation in Chinese wild soybeans | 第67-68页 |
| 5.4.2 Phenotype distribution and geographical differentiation of saponin composition in East Asian wild soybeans | 第68-70页 |
| 6 Sequence polymorphism of the Sg-1 gene in Chinese wild soybeans | 第70-84页 |
| 6.1 Objective | 第70页 |
| 6.2 Materials and methods | 第70-71页 |
| 6.2.1 Plant materials | 第70页 |
| 6.2.2 Gene sequence analysis of Sg-1 gene | 第70-71页 |
| 6.3 Results | 第71-78页 |
| 6.3.1 Sequence polymorphism of the Sg-1 gene | 第71-76页 |
| 6.3.2 Diverse mechanisms for A0 type wild soybeans | 第76页 |
| 6.3.3 Structural feature of the Sg-1 locus | 第76-78页 |
| 6.4 Discussion | 第78-84页 |
| 6.4.1 Characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of the polymorphic sequences between Sg-1a and Sg-1b alleles | 第78-80页 |
| 6.4.2 Diverse mechanisms for A0 type | 第80-81页 |
| 6.4.3 Spread and distribution of Sg-1 alleles in Chinese wild soybeans | 第81-84页 |
| 7 Polymorphisms of saponin composition in Chinese cultivated soybeans | 第84-97页 |
| 7.1 Objective | 第84页 |
| 7.2 Materials and methods | 第84-85页 |
| 7.2.1 Plant materials | 第84页 |
| 7.2.2 Extraction and saponin analyses by TLC and LC-MS | 第84-85页 |
| 7.2.3 Geographical regions and character types of seed materials | 第85页 |
| 7.3 Results | 第85-93页 |
| 7.3.1 Saponin composition and phenotypes | 第85-89页 |
| 7.3.2 Frequencies and geographical distribution of saponin phenotypes in G. max | 第89-91页 |
| 7.3.3 Allelic frequency at Sg-1 locus among different botanically qualitative and quantitative character types in Chinese soybeans | 第91-93页 |
| 7.4 Discussion | 第93-97页 |
| 7.4.1 Saponin composition with the significance of presence of the group ? saponins in Chinese soybeans | 第93-94页 |
| 7.4.2 Alleles for soybean saponins in east Asia | 第94页 |
| 7.4.3 Accumulation of Sg-1a allele, geographical distribution and origin of soybean… | 第94-97页 |
| 8 Total discussions | 第97-102页 |
| 8.1 Possible area of origin of soybeans in China | 第97页 |
| 8.2 Potential useful saponin germplasm for breeding utilization | 第97-98页 |
| 8.3 Putative biosynthetic pathways of soyasaponins | 第98-99页 |
| 8.4 The epistasis of Sg-5 locus against Sg-1 and Sg-7 loci | 第99-102页 |
| 9 Conclusion | 第102-105页 |
| 9.1 Diversiform saponin composition and useful genetic variants in Chinese wild soybeans | 第102页 |
| 9.2 Determination of four new saponin chemical structures in Chinese wild soybeans | 第102页 |
| 9.3 Rich saponin content in Chinese wild soybeans | 第102-103页 |
| 9.4 Geographically nonuniform genetic diversity and differentiation in Chinese wild soybeans | 第103页 |
| 9.5 High sequence polymorphism at the Sg-1 locus in Chinese wild soybeans | 第103-104页 |
| 9.6 Relatively low polymorphisms of saponin composition in Chinese cultivated soybeans and a possible area of origin for soybeans | 第104页 |
| 9.7 Possible gene interaction and saponin biosynthetic pathways | 第104-105页 |
| References | 第105-114页 |
| Appendix | 第114-120页 |
| Acknowledgement | 第120-121页 |
| Author affiliation | 第121页 |
