| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 第6-8页 |
| 摘要 | 第8-9页 |
| Abstract | 第9-10页 |
| Chapter One INTRODUCTION | 第16-33页 |
| 1.1 Introduction to the Study | 第16-18页 |
| 1.2 Background to the Study | 第18-19页 |
| 1.2.1 Key Features of PISA 2012 | 第18-19页 |
| 1.3 Statement of Problem | 第19-20页 |
| 1.4 Purpose of the Study | 第20页 |
| 1.4.1 Research Questions | 第20页 |
| 1.5 Significance of the Study | 第20-21页 |
| 1.6 Rationale for choosing Peru and Shanghai-China | 第21-22页 |
| 1.7 Conceptual Framework for Student and School level Factors | 第22-24页 |
| 1.8 Education Production Function (EPF) | 第24-28页 |
| 1.8.1 International Evidence on Education Production Functions | 第25-26页 |
| 1.8.2 The Treatment of Endogenous Variables | 第26-28页 |
| 1.9 Education and Economic Overview in Peru-Latin America and Shanghai-China | 第28-33页 |
| 1.9.1 Economic Overview of Peru | 第28-30页 |
| 1.9.2 Economic Overview of China | 第30-31页 |
| 1.9.3 The Trends in Peru Education System | 第31页 |
| 1.9.4 The Trends in Shanghai-China Education System | 第31-33页 |
| Chapter Two REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE | 第33-42页 |
| 2.1 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) | 第33-34页 |
| 2.1.1 The PISA Contextual Framework | 第33-34页 |
| 2.2 Studies on Student and School-level Characteristics | 第34-40页 |
| 2.2.1 Gender Differences in Math Performance | 第34-35页 |
| 2.2.2 Preschool Education Attendance | 第35-37页 |
| 2.2.3 Students' Family Socioeconomic Status | 第37-38页 |
| 2.2.4 Math Teacher-Student Ratio | 第38-39页 |
| 2.2.5 Quality of School Educational Resources | 第39-40页 |
| 2.3 Cultural Models of Education | 第40-42页 |
| Chapter Three RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | 第42-51页 |
| 3.1 Research Design | 第42页 |
| 3.2 Variables for the Study | 第42-43页 |
| 3.3 Sampling Design and Data Sources | 第43-44页 |
| 3.4 Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) | 第44-45页 |
| 3.5 Rationale for using the HLM for the present Research | 第45-46页 |
| 3.5.1 Aggregation bias | 第45-46页 |
| 3.5.2 Misestimated standard errors | 第46页 |
| 3.5.3 Heterogeneity of regression | 第46页 |
| 3.6 Data Analysis | 第46-49页 |
| 3.6.1 Models in the Study | 第47-49页 |
| 3.7 Steps to be taken to Analyze the Data using HLM | 第49-51页 |
| Chapter Four RESULTS | 第51-61页 |
| 4.1 Sampling Procedure and Data Origin | 第51页 |
| 4.2 Results for Peru | 第51-55页 |
| 4.2.1 Descriptive Statistics | 第51-52页 |
| 4.2.2 Unconditional Model | 第52-53页 |
| 4.2.3 Conditional Model | 第53-55页 |
| 4.2.4 The Final Model | 第55页 |
| 4.3 Results for the Shanghai | 第55-59页 |
| 4.3.1 Descriptive Analysis | 第55-56页 |
| 4.3.2 Unconditional Model | 第56-57页 |
| 4.3.3 The Conditional Model | 第57-59页 |
| 4.3.4 The Final Model | 第59页 |
| 4.4 Conclusion | 第59-61页 |
| Chapter Five DISCUSSION | 第61-68页 |
| 5.1 PURPOSE | 第61-62页 |
| 5.1.1 Review of Method | 第61-62页 |
| 5.2 Results | 第62-64页 |
| 5.2.1 Unconditional Model | 第62页 |
| 5.2.2 Student Background Model | 第62-63页 |
| 5.2.3 School Background Model | 第63-64页 |
| 5.2.4 What are the Differences between the Two Countries? | 第64页 |
| 5.3 Trustworthiness, Reliability and Validity | 第64页 |
| 5.4 Limitations | 第64-65页 |
| 5.5 Implications | 第65-66页 |
| 5.6 Future Research | 第66页 |
| 5.7 Recommendations | 第66-68页 |
| References | 第68-81页 |
| APPENDICES | 第81-90页 |
| Appendices A | 第81-86页 |
| Appendices B | 第86-90页 |
