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Environmental Fate of Cyhalofop Butyl and Profurite Aminium in Paddy Rice Ecosystem and Their Sublethal Effects on Fish

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS第3-5页
DEDICATION第5-6页
DECLARATION第6-7页
CERTIFICATION第7-8页
COPYRIGHT第8-13页
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS第13-14页
LIST OF TABLES第14-15页
LIST OF FIGURES第15-16页
英文摘要第16页
1 INTRODUCTION第19-24页
2 UTERATURE REVIEW第24-45页
    2.1 Pesticide in the environment第24页
    2.2 Pesticide use in rice fields第24页
    2.3 Movement of pesticide pollutants/contaminants in paddy soil第24-25页
    2.4 Fate of Pesticides in the soil第25-26页
    2.5 Pesticides and beneficial microbes in soil第26-27页
    2.6 The herbicide Clincher第27-28页
    2.7 Profurite aminium, a nereistoxin insecticide第28-30页
        2.7.1 Nereistoxin toxicity第29-30页
    2.8 Health hazards associated with pesticide use第30页
    2.9 Biochemical response of fish to pesticide exposure第30-39页
        2.9.1 Glutathione S-transferases (GST)第30-33页
        2.9.2 Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)第33-35页
        2.9.3 Liver esterases第35页
        2.9.4 Cytochrome P450 enzymes-The MFOs第35-39页
    2.10 Biochemical responses as biomarkers in ecotoxicology第39-41页
    2.11 Pesticide Genotoxidty第41-45页
        2.11.1 Use of Unscheduled DNA (UDS) in ecotoxicology第42-43页
        2.11.2 DNA methylation第43-45页
3 GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS第45-49页
    3.1 Chemicals第45页
    3.2 Biochemical and Genotoxic Tests第45-47页
        3.2.1 Fish Species and rearing第45-46页
        3.2.2 The Ireatments第46页
        3.2.3 Experimental protocol for enzyme tests第46-47页
    3.3 The Dissipation study第47-49页
        3.3.1 The ecosystem model第47页
        3.3.2 Pesticide treatments第47页
        3.3.3 Sampling第47-48页
        3.3.4 Sample processing第48-49页
4 DISSIPATION OF PROFURITE AMINIUM IN THE PADDY SOIL, WATER AND RICE SEEDLINGS第49-56页
    4.1 Materials and Method第49-51页
        4.1.1 Chemicals第49页
        4.1.2 Sample Pre-treatment, extraction and Analysis第49-50页
            4.1.2.1 Water第49页
            4.1.2.2 Soil第49-50页
            4.1.2.3 Rice straw第50页
        4.1.3 Instrumentation第50-51页
        4.1.4 Quantification第51页
    4.2 Results and Discussion第51-56页
        4.2.1 Distribution of Profurite-aminium第51-54页
        4.2.2 Disappearance of Profurite-aminium from the paddy ecosystem第54-56页
5 DISSIPATION OF CLINCHER IN THE PADDY FIELD ECOSYSTEM第56-68页
    5.1 Material and Methods第56-60页
        5.1.1 Sample Extraction, cleanup and analysis第56-57页
            5.1.1.1 Water第56页
            5.1.1.2 Soft and rice straw第56-57页
        5.1.2 Instrumentation第57页
        5.1.3 Quantification of residues第57-60页
    5.2 Results and Discussion第60-68页
        5.2.1 Degradation of cyhalofop butyl in water (mg/L)第60-61页
        5.2.2 Degradation of cyhalofop butyl in soil第61-63页
        5.2.3 Degradation of cyhalofop butyl in rice straw第63页
        5.2.4 Disappearance of cyhalofop butyl (XDE-537) and the metabolites from the paddy ecosystem第63-65页
        5.2.5 Herbicide-insecticide interaction and its effects on degradation of individual pesticide第65-68页
6 GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN TOPMOUTH GUDGEON (Pseudorasbora parva) AND GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus) EXPOSED TO CUNCHER AND PROFURITE AMINIUM第68-72页
    6.1. Materials and Methods第68-72页
        6.1.1 Test chemicals第68页
        6.1.2 Liver Homogenate preparation第68页
        6.1.3 GST activity determination第68-69页
        6.1.4 Results and discussion第69-72页
7 RESPONSE OF LIVER ESTERASE TO EXPOSURE OF TOPMOUTH GUDGEON (Psuedorasbora Parva) AND GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus) TO CLINCHER100EC AND PROFURITE AMINIUM第72-76页
    7.1 Materials and Methods第72-73页
        7.1.1 Chemicals第72-73页
            7.1.1.2 Liver homogenate Preparation第72页
            7.1.1.3 Esterase activity determination第72-73页
    7.2 Results and discussion第73-76页
8 EFFECTS OF CLINCHER 100EC AND PROFURITE AMINIUM (78%SP) ON ACETYLCHOUNESTERASE ACTIVITY OF TOPMOUTH (Pseudorasbora parva) GUDGEON AND GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus)第76-81页
    8.1. Materials and Methods第76-77页
        8.1.1 Chemicals第76页
        8.1.2 Homogenate preparation第76页
        8.1.3 Acetylcholinesterase activity determination第76-77页
    8.2 Results and discussion第77-81页
9 RESPONSE OF MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASES OF GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus) AND TOPMOUTH GUDGEON (Pseudorasbora parva) FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO CLINCHER 100EC AND PROFURiTE AMINIUM (78%SP)第81-88页
    9.1 Metedals and methods第81-84页
        9.1.1 Chemicals第81页
        9.1.2 Microsomal preparation第81-82页
        9.1.3 EROD Assay第82-83页
            9.1.3.1 Measurement of EROD Activity第82-83页
        9.1.4 Aldrin epoxidase determination by Chromatography第83-84页
            9.1.4.1 Aldrin epoxidese assay by GC第83-84页
    9.2 Results and discussion第84-88页
10 DNA STRAND DAMAGE FOR TOPMOUTH GUDGEON (Pseudorasbora parva) EXPOSED TO CUNCHER AND PROFURITE AMINlUM第88-95页
    10.1 Experimental protocol第88-90页
        10.1.1 Fish introduction and rearing第88页
        10.1.2 DNA extraction第88-89页
        10.1.3 Determination of DNA Strand breakage第89-90页
        10.1.4 Calculation of strand breaks第90页
    10.2 Results and discussion第90-95页
11 EFFECT OF CLINCHER AND PROFURITE AMINIUM ON UNSCHEDULED DNA SYNTHESIS IN TOPMOUTH GUDGEON (Pseudorasbore parva)第95-99页
    11.1 Experimental protocol第95-96页
        11.1.1 Ftsh introduction and rearing第95-96页
        11.1.2 Injection of radio-labeled thymidine ribonucleotJde第96-95页
        11.1.3 DNA extraction第95-96页
        11.1.4 Scintillation counting第96页
    11.2 Results and discussion第96-99页
12 EFFECT OF CLINCHER AND PROFURITE AMINIUM ON DNA METHYLATION IN TOPMOUTH GUDGEON (Pseudorasbora pan/a)第99-103页
    12.1 Experimental protocol第99-101页
        12.1.1 Fish rearing第99-100页
        12.1.3 Methylation determination:第100-101页
            12.1.3.1 HPLC operating condjitions第100页
            12.1.3.2 DNA treatment第100-101页
    12.2 Results and discussion第101-103页
13 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS第103-106页
LITERATURE CITED第106-127页

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