| ABSTRACT | 第5-6页 |
| 摘要 | 第7-13页 |
| Chapter 1-Introduction | 第13-40页 |
| 1.1. General introduction and background | 第13-14页 |
| 1.2. Production, classification, and applications of engineered nano-materials(ENMs) | 第14-20页 |
| 1.2.1. Carbonaceous ENMs | 第14-15页 |
| 1.2.2. Metal oxide engineered nano-materials (ENMs) | 第15-16页 |
| 1.2.3. Elemental metallic ENMs | 第16页 |
| 1.2.4. Quantum dots (QDs) | 第16-17页 |
| 1.2.5. Miscellaneous engineered nano-materials (ENMs) | 第17-20页 |
| 1.3. Release of engineered nano-particles (ENPs) into the natural environment | 第20-27页 |
| 1.3.1. Release during the production process | 第20-21页 |
| 1.3.2. Release of ENPs during products use | 第21-22页 |
| 1.3.3. Release from technical compartments | 第22-27页 |
| 1.4. Pathways of engineered nano-particles (ENPs) in the environment | 第27-28页 |
| 1.5. ENPs toxicity mechanism in plants system | 第28-34页 |
| 1.5.1. Uptake, distribution and biotransformation/speciation of ENPs in plant | 第28-29页 |
| 1.5.2. Phytotoxicity at physio-morphological levels | 第29-30页 |
| 1.5.3. Biochemical pathways of toxicity:oxidative stress and anti-oxidative defensesystem | 第30-33页 |
| 1.5.4. Geno-toxic effects at the molecular level | 第33-34页 |
| 1.6. Scope and overall objects of the present study | 第34-40页 |
| 1.6.1. Production and characteristics of biochar in relation to economic analysis | 第36-37页 |
| 1.6.2. Environmental application of biochar for ENPs remediation | 第37-40页 |
| Chapter 2-Material and methods | 第40-56页 |
| 2.1. Preparation of feedstock material | 第40页 |
| 2.2. Pyrolysis experiment | 第40-41页 |
| 2.3. Biochar and engineered nano-particles (ENPs) characterization | 第41-45页 |
| 2.3.1. Proximate and ultimate analysis | 第42-43页 |
| 2.3.2. Surface area and porosity | 第43-44页 |
| 2.3.3. pH and electrical conductivity (EC) | 第44页 |
| 2.3.4. Thermo gravimetric Analysis | 第44页 |
| 2.3.5. FTIR analysis | 第44页 |
| 2.3.6. Raman spectroscopy | 第44-45页 |
| 2.3.7. Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy | 第45页 |
| 2.3.8. Crystal phase study with XRD | 第45页 |
| 2.3.9. Elemental composition and speciation with XPS | 第45页 |
| 2.4. Economic analysis of biochar production | 第45-48页 |
| 2.4.1. Feedstock production and collection | 第46页 |
| 2.4.2. Transportation cost | 第46-47页 |
| 2.4.3. Pretreatment operations and capital | 第47页 |
| 2.4.4. Pyrolysis operations and capital | 第47页 |
| 2.4.5. Energy value | 第47-48页 |
| 2.5. Hydroponics experiment | 第48-55页 |
| 2.5.1. Plant growth conditions | 第48-50页 |
| 2.5.2. Monitoring of photosynthesis and gas exchange parameters | 第50页 |
| 2.5.3. Quantification of photosynthetic pigments and anti-oxidant enzyme activities | 第50-53页 |
| 2.5.4. Microscopy observation | 第53页 |
| 2.5.5. Plant harvest and measurement of growth-related parameters | 第53页 |
| 2.5.6. Plant tissues metal and nutrient elemental analysis | 第53-55页 |
| 2.5.7. Detection of free radical generation in different plant parts | 第55页 |
| 2.5.8. Analysis of biochar-NPs residues | 第55页 |
| 2.6. Statistical analysis | 第55-56页 |
| Chapter 3-Effects of operating conditions and biomass particle size onthe characteristics of biochars | 第56-79页 |
| 3.1. Introduction | 第56-58页 |
| 3.2. Characteristics of feedstock | 第58-59页 |
| 3.3. Pyrolysis products yield distribution under different operating conditions | 第59-62页 |
| 3.4. Characterization of biochar | 第62-77页 |
| 3.4.1. Proximate and elemental composition | 第62-70页 |
| 3.4.2. SEM micrographs | 第70页 |
| 3.4.3. Surface area, Porosity, pH and electric conductivity | 第70-73页 |
| 3.4.4. Surface functional groups distribution | 第73-77页 |
| 3.5. Cost-benefit analysis | 第77-78页 |
| 3.6. Summary | 第78-79页 |
| Chapter 4-Role of Biochar in the Reduction of Silver-Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Accumulation and Phytotoxicity | 第79-102页 |
| 4.1. Introduction | 第79-80页 |
| 4.2. Characteristics of biochar and pristine AgNPs | 第80-82页 |
| 4.3. AgNPs uptake, accumulation,and translocation in plants | 第82-86页 |
| 4.4. Physiological and growth impact | 第86-92页 |
| 4.5. Oxidative stress (ROS production) and anti-oxidant defense system (enzymeactivities) | 第92-94页 |
| 4.6. Macro- and micronutrient elements distribution in plant | 第94-98页 |
| 4.7. Mechanism of phytotoxicity reduction and speciation of NPs on the biocharsurface | 第98-100页 |
| 4.8. Summary | 第100-102页 |
| Chapter 5-Alleviation of silver nano-particles toxicity to rice (Oryzasativa L.)with biochar application | 第102-116页 |
| 5.1. Introduction | 第102-103页 |
| 5.2. Impact of AgNPs on growth parameters | 第103-105页 |
| 5.3. Uptake, accumulation, and translocation of AgNPs | 第105-109页 |
| 5.4. Physiological parameters | 第109-112页 |
| 5.5. Effects of AgNPs on macro and micronutrients in plant tissues | 第112-115页 |
| 5.6. Summary | 第115-116页 |
| Chapter 6-Biochar-assisted surface functionalization of CeO_2 ENPs andeffect on wheat growth | 第116-134页 |
| 6.1. Introduction | 第116-117页 |
| 6.2. Characteristics of CeO_2NPs | 第117-118页 |
| 6.3. Effect of CeO_2 and CeO_2+biochar on growth and biomass production | 第118-121页 |
| 6.4. Uptake and translocation of cerium in plant tissues | 第121-125页 |
| 6.5. Chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis response analysis | 第125-128页 |
| 6.6. Primary macronutrients accumulation in wheat tissues | 第128-130页 |
| 6.7. Complexation and speciation of CeO2NPs bound to biochar | 第130-132页 |
| 6.8. Summary | 第132-134页 |
| Chapter 7-Addition of biochar to reduce the bioaccumulation andnanotoxicity of TiO_2 | 第134-153页 |
| 7.1. Introduction | 第134-135页 |
| 7.2. Characteristics of TiO_2 ENPs | 第135-136页 |
| 7.3. Plant growth parameters | 第136-139页 |
| 7.4. TiO_2NPs uptake, accumulation and translocation in plant tissues treated withNPs x biochar | 第139-145页 |
| 7.5. Influence of TiO_2NPs on photosynthesis and gas exchange parameters withbiochar addition | 第145-147页 |
| 7.6. Impact on plant primary macronutrients and biomacromolecules | 第147-150页 |
| 7.7. Mechanism of TiO_2NPs-biochar interactions | 第150-152页 |
| 7.8. Summary | 第152-153页 |
| Chapter 8-Major Conclusions and Innovations | 第153-156页 |
| 8.1 Major Conclusions | 第153-154页 |
| 8.1.1 Effects of pyrolysis operating conditions and biomass particle size on thecharacteristics of biochars | 第153页 |
| 8.1.2 Role of biochar in the reduction of engineered nano-particles (ENPs) uptake,accumulation, and phytotoxicity in plants | 第153-154页 |
| 8.1.3. Mechanism of ENPs adsorption on biochar to reduce the bioavailability ofnano-pollutants | 第154页 |
| 8.2 Innovations | 第154-156页 |
| References | 第156-176页 |
| Appendix | 第176-180页 |
| List of figures | 第176-179页 |
| List of tables | 第179-180页 |
| Acknowledgments | 第180-181页 |
| The applicant profile | 第181-182页 |
| 1. The main research project during the Ph.D. degree | 第181页 |
| 2. Awards during Doctoral degree | 第181页 |
| 3. Research publications | 第181-182页 |
