Acknowlegements | 第1-8页 |
Abstract(English) | 第8-11页 |
Abstract(Chinese) | 第11-13页 |
List of Tables and Figures | 第13-14页 |
Abbreviations Used in the Present Thesis | 第14-15页 |
Chapter One Introduction | 第15-27页 |
1.1 The 4/3/2 Technique | 第15-20页 |
1.2 The Aim and Scope of the Present Study | 第20-25页 |
1.3 The Organization of This Thesis | 第25-27页 |
Chapter Two Literature Review | 第27-72页 |
2.1 Oral Fluency | 第27-50页 |
2.1.1 Definitions of L1 and L2 Oral Fluency | 第27-30页 |
2.1.2 Indices Commonly Employed in Measuring L2 Oral Fluency | 第30-35页 |
2.1.3 The Interpretative Models of Fluency Development | 第35-42页 |
2.1.3.1 Need for Application of Speech Production Models | 第35-37页 |
2.1.3.2 Levelt's Model of Speech Production | 第37-38页 |
2.1.3.3 Anderson's Adaptive Control of Thought (ACT) | 第38-42页 |
2.1.4 Nation's Evaluation Model of the 4/3/2 Technique | 第42-45页 |
2.1.5 The Effects of Repetition on Oral Fluency Improvement | 第45-49页 |
2.1.6 Learner Factors and Fluency Improvement | 第49-50页 |
2.2 A General Framework for the Present Study | 第50-70页 |
2.2.1 Redefining L2 Oral Fluency in the 4/3/2 Technique | 第50-51页 |
2.2.2 Fluency Indices Employed in the Present Study | 第51-55页 |
2.2.3 Overall Structure of the Present Framework | 第55-70页 |
2.2.3.1 Integrating the 4/3/2 Technique with Levelt's Model, Anderson's Model and the Fluency Indices | 第57-62页 |
2.2.3.2 Integrating the 4/3/2 Technique with Nation's Evaluation Model and the Fluency Indices | 第62-65页 |
2.2.3.3 Integrating the 4/3/2 Technique with Repetition and the Fluency Indices | 第65-67页 |
2.2.3.4 Integrating the 4/3/2 Technique with Learner Factors and the Fluency Indices | 第67-70页 |
2.3 Summary | 第70-72页 |
Chapter Three Methods and Procedures | 第72-93页 |
3.1 Hypotheses | 第72-73页 |
3.2 Subjects | 第73-74页 |
3.3 Task Topic | 第74-75页 |
3.4 Procedures | 第75-78页 |
3.5 Subjects' Oral Production | 第78-93页 |
3.5.1 Identifcation of Pauses and Calculation of the Temporal Indices | 第82-86页 |
3.5.2 Identification of Error, T-unit, Subordinate Clause and Calculation of the Linguistic Indices | 第86-89页 |
3.5.3 Identification of Repairs and Calculation of the Performing Indices | 第89-93页 |
Chapter Four Results and Discussion | 第93-129页 |
4.1 Quantitative Analysis | 第95-119页 |
4.1.1 Temporal Indices | 第95-104页 |
4.1.1.1 Speech Rate (SR) | 第99-100页 |
4.1.1.2 Articulation Rate (AR) | 第100-101页 |
4.1.1.3 Phonation/time Ratio (PTR) | 第101-102页 |
4.1.1.4 Mean Length of Run (MLR) | 第102-103页 |
4.1.1.5 Average Length of Pause (ALP) | 第103-104页 |
4.1.2 Linguistic Indices | 第104-107页 |
4.1.2.1 Ratio of Error-free T-units (REFT) | 第105-106页 |
4.1.2.2 Subordinate Clauses per T-unit (SCT) | 第106-107页 |
4.1.3 Performing Indices | 第107-112页 |
4.1.3.1 Repairs per 100 Syllables (R100) | 第109-110页 |
4.1.3.2 Self-corrections per 100 Syllables (SC100) | 第110-111页 |
4.1.3.3 Repetitions and Hesitations per 100 Syllables (RH100) | 第111-112页 |
4.1.4 Summary of the Quantitative Analysis | 第112-115页 |
4.1.5 Possible Explanations for the Exceptions and Small Improvement in Linguistic Complexity in the Experiment | 第115-119页 |
4.1.5.1 Possible Explanations for the Exceptions in the Experiment | 第115-117页 |
4.1.5.2 Possible Explanations for the Small Improvement in Linguistic Complexity in the Experiment | 第117-119页 |
4.2 Qualitative Analysis | 第119-129页 |
4.2.1 Control of Content | 第120-122页 |
4.2.2 Devices for Gaining Time for Planning | 第122-127页 |
4.2.2.1 Pauses | 第123-126页 |
4.2.2.2 Lexical Repetitions and Verbal Fillers | 第126-127页 |
4.2.3 Summary of the Qualitative Analysis | 第127-129页 |
Chapter Five Conclusions and Implications | 第129-135页 |
5.1 Conclusions of the Present Study | 第129-131页 |
5.2 Implications of the 4/3/2 Technique in Teaching | 第131-133页 |
5.3 Limitations of the Present Study and Recommendations for Future Research | 第133-135页 |
Bibliography | 第135-140页 |
Appendix | 第140-144页 |