| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第9-11页 |
| Abstract | 第11-12页 |
| Chapter1:Literature review of polysaccharides | 第20-59页 |
| 1.0 Introductin | 第20-22页 |
| 1.1 Applications and utilization of polysaccharides | 第22-26页 |
| 1.1.1 Applied industrial applications of polysacchardes | 第23-24页 |
| 1.1.2 Nutritional, medicinal and industrial applications of fungal polysaccharides | 第24-26页 |
| 1.2 Structure analysis of polysaccharides | 第26-30页 |
| 1.2.1 Primary structure analysis of polysaccharides | 第27-30页 |
| 1.2.1.1 UV-visible spectroscopy | 第28页 |
| 1.2.1.2 Fourier transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) | 第28-29页 |
| 1.2.1.3 NMR spectroscopy (NMR 1D/2D)) | 第29-30页 |
| 1.2.2 Advanced structural analysis | 第30页 |
| 1.3 Biological activities of fungal polysaccharides | 第30-38页 |
| 1.3.1 Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity | 第31-33页 |
| 1.3.2 Antioxidant activity | 第33-34页 |
| 1.3.3 Hypoglycemic activity | 第34-35页 |
| 1.3.4 Anti-aging activity | 第35-36页 |
| 1.3.5 Antihyperlipidemic activi | 第36-38页 |
| 1.4 Major modification methods of polysaccharides | 第38-54页 |
| 1.4.1 Molecular modification | 第39页 |
| 1.4.2 Chemical modification | 第39-46页 |
| 1.4.2.1 Modificatin by carboxymethylation | 第40页 |
| 1.4.2.2 Modification by phosphorylation | 第40-41页 |
| 1.4.2.3 Modification by sulfation | 第41-43页 |
| 1.4.2.4 Modification by acetylation | 第43-44页 |
| 1.4.2.5 Modification by alkylation | 第44页 |
| 1.4.2.6 Modification by selenylation | 第44-45页 |
| 1.4.2.7 Modification by phthaloylation | 第45-46页 |
| 1.4.2.8 Modification by acid/alkali degradation | 第46页 |
| 1.4.3 Physical modification | 第46-48页 |
| 1.4.3.1 Physical modification by ultrasonic disruption | 第47页 |
| 1.4.3.2 Physical modification by microwave exposure | 第47-48页 |
| 1.4.3.3 Physical modification by radiation-induced treatment | 第48页 |
| 1.4.4 Biological modification | 第48-49页 |
| 1.4.5 The effects of molecular modification on physical and chemical properties ofpolysaccharides | 第49-52页 |
| 1.4.5.1 Molecular modification for increasing water solubility | 第49-50页 |
| 1.4.5.2 Molecular modification for reducing molecular weight | 第50-51页 |
| 1.4.5.3 Effects of molecular modification on bioactivities of polysaccharide | 第51-52页 |
| 1.4.6 Enhanced bioactivities after modification | 第52-54页 |
| 1.4.6.1 Antioxidant activity | 第52页 |
| 1.4.6.2 Antitumor activity | 第52页 |
| 1.4.6.3 Immunomodulatory activity | 第52-53页 |
| 1.4.6.4 Antibacterial activity | 第53页 |
| 1.4.6.5 Anti-HIV activity | 第53页 |
| 1.4.6.6 Anticoagulant activity | 第53-54页 |
| 1.4.6.7 Antiviral activity | 第54页 |
| 1.4.6.8 The relationship between modification and biological activity | 第54页 |
| 1.5 Aims of the research and thesis outlines | 第54-59页 |
| 1.5.1 Current status of polysaccharides from Lachnum sp. (Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae) | 第55-56页 |
| 1.5.2 Research background on chemical modifications and bioactivities of Lachnumpolysaccharides | 第56-57页 |
| 1.5.3 The content and significance of this study | 第57-59页 |
| Chapter 2:Antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective properties of selenium modifiedpolysaccharide from Lachnum sp | 第59-93页 |
| 2.0 Introduction | 第59-62页 |
| 2.1 Materials and methods | 第62-65页 |
| 2.1.1 Materials | 第62页 |
| 2.1.2 Main reagents and instruments | 第62-64页 |
| 2.1.3 Instruments | 第64-65页 |
| 2.2 Purification of extracellular polysaccharide from Lachnum YM281 (LEP-1b) | 第65-67页 |
| 2.2.1 Isolation of LEP-1b | 第65-66页 |
| 2.2.2 Extraction and purification of LEP-1b | 第66-67页 |
| 2.2.3 Fractionation of LEP-1b | 第67页 |
| 2.3 Selenylation of extracellular polysaccharide from Lachnum YM281 (LEP-1b) | 第67-68页 |
| 2.3.1 Determination of selenium content in SeLEP-1b | 第68页 |
| 2.4 Structure Verification of LEP-lb and SeLEP-1b | 第68页 |
| 2.4.1 U-vis and FT-IR spectra of LEP-1b and SeLEP-1b | 第68页 |
| 2.4.2 ~(13)C NMR analysis of LEP-1b and SeLEP-1b | 第68页 |
| 2.5 Determination of LEP-1b and SeLEP-1b effects on high fat induced mice model | 第68-71页 |
| 2.5.1 Composition of high-fat diet for mice | 第68页 |
| 2.5.2 Animal grouping and treatments | 第68-70页 |
| 2.5.3 Measurement of ALT,AST and T- SOD,GSH-px activities and MDA content | 第70页 |
| 2.5.4 Histopathological observation of hepatic tissues of mice | 第70-71页 |
| 2.5.5 Statistical Analysis | 第71页 |
| 2.6 Results and Discussion | 第71-92页 |
| 2.6.1 Isolation and purification of LEP-1b | 第71-73页 |
| 2.6.2 Chemical reaction mechanism of producing selenium polysaccharide | 第73页 |
| 2.6.2.1 Assay of substitution content in SeLEP-1b | 第73页 |
| 2.6.3 Structure verification of LEP-1b and SeLEP-1b | 第73-78页 |
| 2.6.3.1 UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis | 第73-74页 |
| 2.6.3.2 FT-IR spectroscopic analysis | 第74-76页 |
| 2.6.3.3 ~(13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis | 第76-78页 |
| 2.6.4 Antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of LEP-1b and SeLEP-1b on highfat induced mice model | 第78-92页 |
| 2.6.4.1 Effects of LEP-1b and SeLEP-1b on body weight and liver Weight ofmice | 第78-79页 |
| 2.6.4.2 Effects of LEP-1b and SeLEP-1b on serum and liver lipids | 第79-83页 |
| 2.6.4.3 Effects of LEP-1b and SeLEP-1b on serum ALT and AST activities | 第83-85页 |
| 2.6.4.4 Effects of LEP-1b and SeLEP-1b on liver enzymes activities of T-SOD(U/mgprot) and GSH-px (nmol/mgprot)and MDA (nmol/mgprot) level inmice | 第85-88页 |
| 2.6.4.5 Morphological study of mice' liver by naked eye | 第88-90页 |
| 2.6.4.6 Histopathological study of hepatic tissues of mice | 第90-92页 |
| 2.7 Conclusion | 第92-93页 |
| Chapter 3:Anti-fatigue activity of a Lachnum polysaccharide and its carboxymethylatedderivative in mice | 第93-117页 |
| 3.0 Introduction | 第93-96页 |
| 3.1 Materials and methods | 第96-102页 |
| 3.1.2 Materials | 第96页 |
| 3.1.3 Reagents | 第96-98页 |
| 3.1.4 Laboratory animals and their care | 第98-99页 |
| 3.1.5 Carboxymethylation of extracellular polysaccharide from Lachnum YM281 (CLEP-1b) | 第99页 |
| 3.1.6 Assay of yield of CLEP-1b and degree of carboxymethylation | 第99-100页 |
| 3.1.7 Structure characterization | 第100页 |
| 3.1.7.1 Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of LEP-1b and CLEP-1b | 第100页 |
| 3.1.7.2 ~(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance(~(13)C NMR) spectra of LEP-1b and CLEP-1b | 第100页 |
| 3.1.8 Experimental design for anti-fatigue assay | 第100-102页 |
| 3.1.8.1 Measurement of the exhaustive (weight-loaded) swimming capacity of micefor anti-fatigue assay | 第101页 |
| 3.1.8.2 Measurement of fatigue-associated biochemical parameters | 第101-102页 |
| 3.1.9 Statistical Analysis | 第102页 |
| 3.2 Results and discussion | 第102-106页 |
| 3.2.1 Yield and degree of substitution of CLEP-1b | 第102页 |
| 3.2.2 Structure characterization of LEP-1b and CLEP-1b | 第102-106页 |
| 3.2.2.1 FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of LEP-1b and CLEP-1b | 第102-104页 |
| 3.2.2.2 ~(13)CNMR spectroscopic analysis LEP-1b and CLEP-1b | 第104-106页 |
| 3.3 Anti-fatigue activity of LEP-1b and CLEP-1b | 第106-117页 |
| 3.3.1 Effect of LEP-1b and CLEP-1b on changes of body weight of mice | 第106-107页 |
| 3.3.2 LEP-1b and CLEP-1b prolonged the exhaustive (weight loaded) swimming time ofmice | 第107-109页 |
| 3.3.3 LEP-1b and CLEP-1b decreased the content of blood LA in mice | 第109-110页 |
| 3.3.4 LEP-1b and CLEP-1b reduced the content of SUN in mice | 第110-111页 |
| 3.3.5 LEP-1b and CLEP-1b enhanced the content of HG in mice | 第111-114页 |
| 3.3.6 LEP-1b and CLEP-1b improved the antioxidant defense mechanism of mice | 第114-117页 |
| 3.4 Conclusion | 第117页 |
| Chapter 4:Summary and Recommendations | 第117-119页 |
| References | 第119-155页 |
| Publications during PhD | 第155-156页 |
