| 摘要 | 第6-17页 |
| Abstract | 第17页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第18-27页 |
| List of abbreviations | 第27-28页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第28-39页 |
| 1.1 Context and objectives of the study | 第28-33页 |
| 1.2 Research questions | 第33-35页 |
| 1.3 Significance of the study | 第35-36页 |
| 1.4 Definition of key terms | 第36-37页 |
| 1.5 Overview of the thesis | 第37-39页 |
| Chapter 2 Literature Review | 第39-118页 |
| 2.1 Validating integrated writing assessment | 第39-67页 |
| 2.1.1 Validity and validation | 第41-59页 |
| 2.1.2 Construct of the integrated writing task | 第59-62页 |
| 2.1.3 Assessment Use Argument as the validation framework | 第62-67页 |
| 2.2 Studies on prompts in writing assessment | 第67-92页 |
| 2.2.1 Prompt-inherent characteristics in writing assessment | 第68-80页 |
| 2.2.1.1 Prompt-inherent characteristics and writing scores | 第69-75页 |
| 2.2.1.2 Prompt-inherent characteristics and textual features | 第75-80页 |
| 2.2.2 Interaction between prompts and test takers | 第80-87页 |
| 2.2.3 Interaction between prompts and raters | 第87-90页 |
| 2.2.4 Limitations of the studies reviewed | 第90-92页 |
| 2.3 Approaches to investigating textual features and effect of prompt perceptions | 第92-115页 |
| 2.3.1 Textual features: Coh-Metrix | 第93-98页 |
| 2.3.2 Effect of prompt perceptions: MLM | 第98-105页 |
| 2.3.3 Effect of prompt perceptions: SEM | 第105-110页 |
| 2.3.4 Essay rating outcomes: MFRM | 第110-115页 |
| 2.4 Summary | 第115-118页 |
| Chapter 3 The Present Study | 第118-141页 |
| 3.1 Context of the study | 第118-120页 |
| 3.2 Data collection | 第120-126页 |
| 3.2.1 Prompts, essays and participants | 第120-124页 |
| 3.2.2 Measure of the perceptions of prompt characteristics | 第124-126页 |
| 3.3 Study variables | 第126-133页 |
| 3.3.1 Prompt-inherent characteristics | 第126-127页 |
| 3.3.2 Test-takers' perceptions of prompt characteristics | 第127-128页 |
| 3.3.3 Raters' perceptions of prompt characteristics and rating criteria | 第128-130页 |
| 3.3.4 Integrated writing performance | 第130-131页 |
| 3.3.5 English language proficiency | 第131-132页 |
| 3.3.6 Scoring behavior | 第132-133页 |
| 3.4 Data analyses | 第133-140页 |
| 3.4.1 Coh-Metrix analysis of textual features | 第133-134页 |
| 3.4.2 Exploratory factor analysis of questionnaires | 第134-135页 |
| 3.4.3 Multilevel linear modeling of the prompt effect | 第135-137页 |
| 3.4.4 Structural equation modeling of the prompt effect | 第137-138页 |
| 3.4.5 Multi-faceted Rasch measurement of rater variability | 第138-140页 |
| 3.5 Summary | 第140-141页 |
| Chapter 4 Effect of Prompt-inherent Characteristics on Test-takers' Writing Performance | 第141-178页 |
| 4.1 Prompt-inherent characteristics | 第141-143页 |
| 4.2 Estimating the effect of prompt-inherent characteristics | 第143-154页 |
| 4.2.1 Topic domain and textual features | 第143-150页 |
| 4.2.1.1 Prompts on social topic domain and textual features | 第143-145页 |
| 4.2.1.2 Prompts on educational topic domain and textual features | 第145-147页 |
| 4.2.1.3 Prompts on business topic domain and textual features | 第147-149页 |
| 4.2.1.4 Prompts on personal topic domain and textual features | 第149-150页 |
| 4.2.2 Task specification and textual features | 第150-154页 |
| 4.2.2.1 Prompts with explicitly contradictory views and textual features | 第150-152页 |
| 4.2.2.2 Prompts with implicitly contradictory views and textual features | 第152-154页 |
| 4.3 Discussion on the effect of prompt-inherent characteristics | 第154-171页 |
| 4.3.1 Discussion on the prompt effect from topic domain | 第154-165页 |
| 4.3.2 Discussion on the prompt effect from task specification | 第165-171页 |
| 4.4 Discussion in the AUA framework | 第171-176页 |
| 4.5 Summary | 第176-178页 |
| Chapter 5 Effect of Test-takers' Prompt Perceptions on Their Writing Performance | 第178-214页 |
| 5.1 Test-takers' perceptions of prompt characteristics | 第178-181页 |
| 5.2 Estimating the prompt effect from test-takers' perspective | 第181-200页 |
| 5.2.1 MLM analysis of the prompt effect from test-takers' perspective | 第181-194页 |
| 5.2.2 SEM analysis of the prompt effect from test-takers' perspective | 第194-200页 |
| 5.3 Discussion on the prompt effect from test-takers' perspective | 第200-209页 |
| 5.3.1 Discussion on the prompt effect from test-takers' perspective by MLM | 第201-205页 |
| 5.3.2 Discussion on the prompt effect from test-takers' perspective by SEM | 第205-209页 |
| 5.4 Discussion in the AUA framework | 第209-211页 |
| 5.5 Summary | 第211-214页 |
| Chapter 6 Effect of Raters' Prompt Perceptions on Their Scoring Behavior | 第214-253页 |
| 6.1 Raters' perceptions of prompt characteristics and importance of rating criterion | 第214-215页 |
| 6.2 Estimating the prompt effect from raters' perspective | 第215-238页 |
| 6.2.1 Estimating the prompt effect based on rater severity | 第215-224页 |
| 6.2.2 Estimating the prompt effect based on rating difficulty | 第224-232页 |
| 6.2.3 Estimating the prompt effect based on rater-examinee interactions 205 | 第232-238页 |
| 6.3 Discussion on the prompt effect from raters' perspective | 第238-248页 |
| 6.3.1 Discussion on the prompt effect based on rater severity | 第239-241页 |
| 6.3.2 Discussion on the prompt effect based on rating difficulty | 第241-244页 |
| 6.3.3 Discussion on the prompt effect based on rater-examinee interactions | 第244-248页 |
| 6.4 Discussion in the AUA framework | 第248-250页 |
| 6.5 Summary | 第250-253页 |
| Chapter 7 Conclusion | 第253-272页 |
| 7.1 Major findings | 第253-259页 |
| 7.2 Implications | 第259-266页 |
| 7.2.1 Theoretical implications | 第260-262页 |
| 7.2.2 Methodological implications | 第262-263页 |
| 7.2.3 Practical implications | 第263-266页 |
| 7.3 Limitations | 第266-269页 |
| 7.4 Future research | 第269-272页 |
| References | 第272-303页 |
| Appendices | 第303-319页 |
