| 摘要 | 第3-6页 |
| Abstract | 第6-9页 |
| Chapter 1 Review | 第12-20页 |
| 1.1 Programs and characteristics of amphibian metamorphosis | 第12-13页 |
| 1.2 The function of HSP,SOD and GLU in amphibians | 第13-15页 |
| 1.3 The function of Dio2,Dio3,TRα and TRβ in amphibians | 第15-17页 |
| 1.3.1 Deiodinases and deiodination types | 第15-16页 |
| 1.3.2 Thyroid hormone receptors | 第16-17页 |
| 1.4 Toxicity effects of copper on amphibians | 第17-20页 |
| Chapter 2 Effects of copper on growth,metamorphosis and endocrinedisruption of Bufo gargarizans larvae | 第20-34页 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 第20-22页 |
| 2.2 Materials and methods | 第22-26页 |
| 2.2.1 Test species and animal husbandry | 第22页 |
| 2.2.2 Water chemistry | 第22-23页 |
| 2.2.3 Chronic toxicity experiment | 第23-24页 |
| 2.2.4 Histological analyses | 第24页 |
| 2.2.5 Analysis of mRNA levels by real-time PCR | 第24-25页 |
| 2.2.6 Statistical analysis | 第25-26页 |
| 2.3 Results | 第26-30页 |
| 2.3.1 Mortality | 第26页 |
| 2.3.2 Growth and general development | 第26-27页 |
| 2.3.3 Time to metamorphosis and size of B.gargarizans larvae reared for Gs 42 | 第27-28页 |
| 2.3.4 Tail resorption time and size of B.gargarizans larvae reared for Gs 46 | 第28-29页 |
| 2.3.5 Effect of copper on thyroid gland in larvae of B.gargarizans | 第29-30页 |
| 2.3.6 Effect of copper on Dio2,Dio3,TRα and TRβ expression | 第30页 |
| 2.4 Discussion | 第30-34页 |
| Chapter 3 Chronic exposure effects of copper on metamorphosis,anti-oxidant defenses and endocrine disruption of Bufo gargarizans larvae | 第34-50页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第34-36页 |
| 3.2 Materials and methods | 第36-40页 |
| 3.2.1 Test species and animal husbandry | 第36页 |
| 3.2.2 Water chemistry | 第36-37页 |
| 3.2.3 Chronic toxicity experiment | 第37-38页 |
| 3.2.4 Determination of mRNA levels of HSP, SOD, GLU, Dio2, Dio3, TRα and TRβ | 第38-40页 |
| 3.2.5 Statistical analysis | 第40页 |
| 3.3 Results | 第40-46页 |
| 3.3.1 Cumulative metamorphosis percent | 第40-41页 |
| 3.3.2 Hind-limb length and tail length of B. gargarizans larvae reared for Gs 42 | 第41-42页 |
| 3.3.3 Effect of copper on HSP expression in B. gargarizans larvae hind-limb, tail and liver | 第42-43页 |
| 3.3.4 Effect of copper on SOD and GLU expression in B. gargarizans larvae hind-limb, tail and liver | 第43-44页 |
| 3.3.5 Effect of copper on Dio2 and Dio3 expression in B. gargarizans larvae hind-limb, tail and liver | 第44-45页 |
| 3.3.6 Effect of copper on TRα and TRβ expression in B. gargarizans larvae hind-limb, tail and liver | 第45-46页 |
| 3.4 Discussion | 第46-50页 |
| Chapter 4 Conclusion | 第50-52页 |
| References | 第52-68页 |
| 致谢 | 第68-70页 |
| 攻读硕士期间的研究成果 | 第70页 |
