| 摘要 | 第6-7页 |
| abstract | 第7-8页 |
| 第一章 引言 Chapter 1 - General introduction | 第18-25页 |
| 1.1 The limits of the input-intensive agriculture | 第18-19页 |
| 1.2 Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture | 第19-20页 |
| 1.3 Practices for a biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems | 第20-22页 |
| 1.4 Structure of the thesis | 第22-25页 |
| 1.4.1 Chapter 2: Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture for sustainable food systems | 第22页 |
| 1.4.2 Chapter 3: Increasing plant diversity at the field scale with the provision offlower resources for enhancing biological control | 第22-23页 |
| 1.4.3 Chapter 4: Composing flower mixtures attractive to natural enemies: A trait-based analysis of natural enemy-flower interactions | 第23页 |
| 1.4.4 Chapter 5: General conclusions and perspectives | 第23-25页 |
| 第二章 Chapter 2 - Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture for sustainable foodsystems | 第25-64页 |
| 2.1 Article 1 - Towards sustainable food systems: the concept of agroecology and how itquestions current research practices. A review | 第25-37页 |
| 2.1.1 Introduction | 第25-27页 |
| 2.1.2 Agroecological practices to increase environmental sustainability | 第27-29页 |
| 2.1.3 Organizing the food system in order to increase social relevance and economicviability | 第29-32页 |
| 2.1.4 Scientific practices and agricultural innovations | 第32-35页 |
| 2.1.5 Towards tailor-made solutions rather than recipes | 第35-37页 |
| 2.2 Article 2 - Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-based intercropping systems for biologicalpest control. A review | 第37-55页 |
| 2.2.1 Introduction | 第37-38页 |
| 2.2.2 Experimental methods | 第38-41页 |
| 2.2.2.1 A systematic research of the literature | 第38-40页 |
| 2.2.2.2 Vote-counting method | 第40页 |
| 2.2.2.3 Statistical analyses | 第40-41页 |
| 2.2.3 Results | 第41-47页 |
| 2.2.3.1 Countries and evolution through time | 第41页 |
| 2.2.3.2 Plants associated with wheat and types of intercropping | 第41-44页 |
| 2.2.3.3 Pests and their natural enemies | 第44-46页 |
| 2.2.3.4 Crop yield | 第46-47页 |
| 2.2.4 Discussion | 第47-55页 |
| 2.2.4.1 Effect on pest biological control and implication for yield | 第47-51页 |
| 2.2.4.2 Adopting intercropping for pest control: constraints and opportunities | 第51-53页 |
| 2.2.4.3 Needs for further research | 第53-55页 |
| 2.3 Article 3 - Wildflower strips for biological control: state-of-art, limits and perspectivesin Wallonia. A review | 第55-64页 |
| 2.3.1 Introduction | 第55-56页 |
| 2.3.2 Semi-natural elements for biodiversity conservation: which benefits for biologicalcontrol? | 第56-57页 |
| 2.3.2.1 Semi-natural habitats, providers of ecosystem services | 第56页 |
| 2.3.2.2 From insect diversity to biological control | 第56-57页 |
| 2.3.3 Despite their ability to host insects, do wildflower strips enhance pest biologicalcontrol? | 第57-59页 |
| 2.3.3.1 Wildflower strips: a practice with various facets | 第57-58页 |
| 2.3.3.2 Wildflower strips host a large diversity of insect | 第58页 |
| 2.3.3.3 A diversity of natural enemies to control insect pests | 第58-59页 |
| 2.3.4 Composing flowering mixtures: the benefits of functional diversity | 第59-61页 |
| 2.3.4.1 Considering flower functional traits instead of species identity | 第59-60页 |
| 2.3.4.2 From studying the effect of a single trait to the calculation of functionaldiversity at the mixture level | 第60-61页 |
| 2.3.5 Wildflower strips are managed but what is the effect of mowing on insect diversity? | 第61-62页 |
| 2.3.5.1 The diversity of plants composing an ecosystem is dynamic | 第61-62页 |
| 2.3.5.2 Mowing maintains flower mixture diversity but briefly disturbs theenvironment | 第62页 |
| 2.3.6 Conclusion | 第62-64页 |
| 第三章 Chapter 3 - Increasing plant diversity at the field scale with the provision offlower resources for enhancing biological control | 第64-88页 |
| Introduction to Chapter 3 | 第64-65页 |
| 3.1 Article 4 - Wheat – oilseed rape intercropping (combined with the slow release ofsemiochemicals) to control aphids and attract their natural enemies in China | 第65-77页 |
| 3.1.1 Introduction | 第65-67页 |
| 3.1.2 Material and methods | 第67-71页 |
| 3.1.2.1 Field set up | 第67页 |
| 3.1.2.2 Weather condition | 第67-69页 |
| 3.1.2.3 Sex pheromone of ladybeetles and semiochemical dispensers | 第69页 |
| 3.1.2.4 Insect monitoring | 第69-70页 |
| 3.1.2.5 Statistical analyses | 第70-71页 |
| 3.1.3 Results | 第71-73页 |
| 3.1.4 Discussion | 第73-77页 |
| 3.2 Article 5 - Pest regulation and support of natural enemies in agriculture: Experimentalevidence of within field wildflower strips | 第77-88页 |
| 3.2.1 Introduction | 第78-80页 |
| 3.2.2 Material and methods | 第80-82页 |
| 3.2.2.1 Field set up | 第80-81页 |
| 3.2.2.2 Insect monitoring | 第81页 |
| 3.2.2.3 Statistical analyses | 第81-82页 |
| 3.2.3 Results | 第82-84页 |
| 3.2.4 Discussion | 第84-88页 |
| 第四章 Chapter 4 - Composing flower mixtures attractive to natural enemies: A trait-based analysis of natural enemy-flower interactions | 第88-131页 |
| Introduction to Chapter 4 | 第88-89页 |
| 4.1 Article 6 - Do flower mixtures with high functional diversity enhance aphid predatorsin wildflower strips? | 第89-109页 |
| 4.1.1 Introduction | 第90-92页 |
| 4.1.2 Material and methods | 第92-96页 |
| 4.1.2.1 Study design | 第92-93页 |
| 4.1.2.2 Sown functional diversity | 第93-94页 |
| 4.1.2.3 Realized functional diversity | 第94-95页 |
| 4.1.2.4 Monitoring of insect species | 第95-96页 |
| 4.1.2.5 Statistical analyses | 第96页 |
| 4.1.3 Results | 第96-97页 |
| 4.1.3.1 Flower cover, species and functional diversity | 第96-97页 |
| 4.1.3.2 Aphid predator abundance and diversity | 第97页 |
| 4.1.3.3 Effect of sown mixtures and realized functional diversity on aphid predators. | 第97页 |
| 4.1.4 Discussion | 第97-109页 |
| 4.2 Article 7 - Effect of flower traits and hosts on the abundance of parasitoids in perennialmultiple species wildflower strips sown within oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) crops | 第109-131页 |
| 4.2.1 Introduction | 第109-111页 |
| 4.2.2 Material and methods | 第111-115页 |
| 4.2.2.1 Field set up | 第111-113页 |
| 4.2.2.2 Flower species monitoring | 第113页 |
| 4.2.2.3 Insect species monitoring | 第113页 |
| 4.2.2.4 Statistical analyses | 第113-115页 |
| 4.2.3 Results | 第115-121页 |
| 4.2.3.1 Flowers | 第115页 |
| 4.2.3.2 Parasitoids and hosts | 第115-116页 |
| 4.2.3.3 Parasitoid–flower trait interactions | 第116-121页 |
| 4.2.4 Discussion | 第121-131页 |
| 4.2.4.1 Effect of hosts on parasitoids | 第121页 |
| 4.2.4.2 Traits affecting parasitoid abundance in WFS | 第121-123页 |
| 4.2.4.3 Practical implications and further research | 第123-131页 |
| 第五章 全文结论 – Chapter 5 - General conclusions and perspectives | 第131-158页 |
| 5.1 General conclusions | 第131-137页 |
| 5.1.1 Conclusions on the increase of plant diversity at the field scale with the provisionof flower resources for enhancing biological control | 第131-132页 |
| 5.1.2 Conclusions on the trait-based analyses for composing flower mixtures attractive tonatural enemies | 第132-133页 |
| 5.1.3 Prey/hosts versus habitats: what does explain natural enemy abundance anddiversity in agroecosystems? | 第133-134页 |
| 5.1.4 Assessing biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems: what is the bestindicator? | 第134-135页 |
| 5.1.5 Variability in the delivery of ecosystem services: an intrinsic component ofagroecological systems? | 第135-137页 |
| 5.2 Article 8 - Spatial diversification of agroecosystems to enhance biological control andother regulating services: An agroecological perspective | 第137-158页 |
| 5.2.1 Introduction | 第138-141页 |
| 5.2.2 Spatial diversification towards biological control of insect pests | 第141-149页 |
| 5.2.2.1 Does spatial diversification at local and landscape scales enhance insect pestregulation? | 第141-143页 |
| 5.2.2.2 How to compose and design crop and non-crop habitats to enhance insect pestregulation? | 第143-146页 |
| 5.2.2.3 How to manage crop and non-crop habitats to enhance insect pest regulation? | 第146-149页 |
| 5.2.3 From insect pest control to multiple ecosystem services | 第149-156页 |
| 5.2.3.1 Towards natural regulation of multiple pests | 第149-151页 |
| 5.2.3.2 Towards the provision of multiple ecosystem services | 第151-153页 |
| 5.2.3.3 From theory to implementation, how to trigger change? | 第153-156页 |
| 5.2.4 Conclusion | 第156-158页 |
| References | 第158-193页 |
| 致谢–Acknowledgements | 第193-194页 |
| 作者简历 | 第194-199页 |
