| 英文摘要 | 第1-11页 |
| Chapter One General Introduction | 第11-33页 |
| 1．0 Brief introduction to metaphor studies | 第11-14页 |
| 1．1 Rationale of this research | 第14-18页 |
| 1．2 Purposes of this research | 第18-22页 |
| 1．3 Novel metaphor: target of research | 第22-29页 |
| 1．3．1 Linguistic analysis of target data | 第24-25页 |
| 1．3．2 Definition of target data | 第25-29页 |
| 1．4 Methodology for this research | 第29-31页 |
| 1．5 Overview of the thesis | 第31-33页 |
| Chapter Two Literature Reviews of Related Studies | 第33-69页 |
| 2．0 Introduction | 第33-34页 |
| 2．1 Cognitive approaches to metaphor | 第34-48页 |
| 2．1．1 Black's cognitive approach to metaphor | 第35-40页 |
| 2．1．2 Lakoff et al．'s cognitive-semantic approach to metaphor | 第40-45页 |
| 2．1．3 Conceptual blending/integration-based approach to metaphor | 第45-47页 |
| 2．1．4 Brief summary | 第47-48页 |
| 2．2 Pragmatic-cognitive approaches to metaphor understanding | 第48-53页 |
| 2．2．1 Grice's conception of metaphor as an implicature | 第48-49页 |
| 2．2．2 Searle's approach to metaphor as an indirect speech act | 第49-51页 |
| 2．2．3 Brief summary | 第51-52页 |
| 2．2．4 S & W's pragma-cognifive approach to metaphor | 第52-53页 |
| 2．3 Process-oriented studies of metaphor understanding | 第53-62页 |
| 2．3．1 Salience-imbalance model of metaphor understanding | 第54-55页 |
| 2．3．2 Structure-mapping model of metaphor understanding | 第55-57页 |
| 2．3．3 Domains-interaction model of metaphor understanding | 第57-59页 |
| 2．3．4 Class-inclusion model of metaphor understanding | 第59-62页 |
| 2．3．5 Brief summary | 第62页 |
| 2．4 Evaluation and comments of reviewed theories/models | 第62-69页 |
| 2．4．1 Respecting the long cognitive tradition of metaphor research | 第62-63页 |
| 2．4．2 Weakening the strong claims about metaphoric thought and language | 第63-65页 |
| 2．4．3 The danger of scientific reductionism in theories of metaphor | 第65-66页 |
| 2．4．4 Reasons for adopting an pragma-cognitive approach to metaphor study | 第66-69页 |
| Chapter Three A Relevance-theoretic Framework to Metaphor Understanding | 第69-101页 |
| 3．0 Introduction | 第69-71页 |
| 3．1 Metaphor as representation by resemblance | 第71-80页 |
| 3．1．1 Descriptive and interpretive dimensions of language use | 第71-75页 |
| 3．1．2 Metaphor as a descriptive use of language | 第75-78页 |
| 3．1．3 Metaphor as effort-imposing loose talk | 第78-80页 |
| 3．2 Basic notions concerning metaphorical understanding | 第80-86页 |
| 3．2．1 Mutual manifest-ness: the prerequisite for metaphor understanding | 第80-83页 |
| 3．2．2 Optimal relevance: the ultimate goal of metaphor understanding | 第83-86页 |
| 3．3 Metaphor interpretation | 第86-98页 |
| 3．3．1 Explicatures of metaphorical utterances | 第87-90页 |
| 3．3．2 Metaphor as a weak implicature | 第90-98页 |
| 3．4 Characterization of the conceptual framework to metaphor understanding | 第98-100页 |
| 3．4．1 Metaphor understanding involves three sub-processes | 第98-99页 |
| 3．4．2 Metaphor understanding is effort-imposing | 第99-100页 |
| 3．5 Summary | 第100-101页 |
| Chapter Four Metaphoricity and Metaphorization | 第101-129页 |
| 4．0 Introduction | 第101页 |
| 4．1 The notion of metaphoricity | 第101-104页 |
| 4．2 Metaphor as a re-conceptualization of entities | 第104-112页 |
| 4．2．1 Metaphorization: theory-based rather than similarity-based | 第106-108页 |
| 4．2．2 Ad hoc construction of 'theories' governed by the principle of relevance | 第108-112页 |
| 4．3 Metaphorization and de-metaphorization | 第112-117页 |
| 4．3．1 Meaning construction: the issue of creativity of metaphor | 第113-116页 |
| 4．3．2 Dynamics of metaphorization | 第116-117页 |
| 4．4 Proposed criteria for metaphoricity identification | 第117-126页 |
| 4．4．1 Two referential criteria of metaphoricity identification | 第118-122页 |
| 4．4．2 Proposed criteria of metaphoricity identification | 第122-126页 |
| 4．5 Metaphoricty judgments: an empirical study | 第126-127页 |
| 4．6 Summary | 第127-129页 |
| Chapter Five The Pragma-Cognitive Process of Novel Metaphor Understanding | 第129-165页 |
| 5．0 Introduction | 第129页 |
| 5．1 Representational assumptions about Topic and Vehicle domains | 第129-136页 |
| 5．1．1 Topic and Vehicle as schemas | 第130-133页 |
| 5．1．2 Topic and Vehicle as images | 第133-136页 |
| 5．2 Metaphor understanding: identification of explicatures | 第136-137页 |
| 5．3 Metaphor understanding: construction of contextual assumptions | 第137-151页 |
| 5．3．1 Constraints on context construction in metaphor understanding | 第138-147页 |
| 5．3．1．1 Activation of mutually manifest assumptions | 第139-141页 |
| 5．3．1．2 Balance between cognitive-effects and processing-effort | 第141-143页 |
| 5．3．1．3 Memory constraints in context construction | 第143-144页 |
| 5．3．1．4 Context extension in search of optimal relevance | 第144-147页 |
| 5．3．2 Accessibility of contextual assumptions | 第147-151页 |
| 5．4 Metaphor understanding: constructing implicatures | 第151-159页 |
| 5．4．1 Implicature recovery involving non-demonstrative bridging inferences | 第152-157页 |
| 5．4．2 Mutual adjustment and emergent structures | 第157-159页 |
| 5．5 Heuristics for the choice of possible interpretations | 第159-161页 |
| 5．6 A tentative relevance-oriented model of metaphor understanding | 第161-164页 |
| 5．7 Summary | 第164-165页 |
| Chapter Six Novel Metaphor and Processing Efforts | 第165-192页 |
| 6．0 Introduction | 第165-166页 |
| 6．1 Controversies on the issue of 'metaphor and effort' | 第166-169页 |
| 6．2 Novel metaphor understanding as an effort-demanding task | 第169-173页 |
| 6．2．1 'Suppression' in metaphor understanding involving more efforts | 第169-171页 |
| 6．2．2 Emergents generation in metaphor understanding involving more effort | 第171-173页 |
| 6．3 Rationale of the hypothesis about 'metaphor and efforts' | 第173-177页 |
| 6．3．1 Extra processing effort implies extra cognitive effect | 第173-175页 |
| 6．3．2 Weak relevance presupposes extra processing effort | 第175-176页 |
| 6．3．3 Brief summary | 第176-177页 |
| 6．4 The experiment | 第177-190页 |
| 6．4．1 Hypothesis of the experiment | 第178-179页 |
| 6．4．2 Experiment on metaphor interpretation difficulty | 第179-190页 |
| 6．4．2．1 Method | 第179-181页 |
| 6．4．2．2 Results | 第181-184页 |
| 6．4．2．3 Discussion | 第184-190页 |
| 6．5 Summary | 第190-192页 |
| Chapter Seven Conclusions and Implications | 第192-208页 |
| 7．0 Introduction | 第192页 |
| 7．1 Brief summaries of major findings | 第192-197页 |
| 7．2 Implications | 第197-203页 |
| 7．2．1 Metaphor understanding involves both social and cognitive factors | 第197-198页 |
| 7．2．2 Inevitability of misunderstandings in verbal communication | 第198-199页 |
| 7．2．3 The importance of individual differences in utterance understanding | 第199-200页 |
| 7．2．4 Challenge to contemporary metaphor theory's major claims | 第200-201页 |
| 7．2．5 Some other implications | 第201-203页 |
| 7．3 Suggestions for further studies | 第203-208页 |
| 7．3．1 A more elaborated on-line experimental design might be worked out | 第203-204页 |
| 7．3．2 Individual differences in metaphor processing should be considered | 第204-205页 |
| 7．3．3 Speaker-related factors should be considered | 第205页 |
| 7．3．4 The relationships between metaphor and 'affect' merit further exploration | 第205-208页 |
| Appendix | 第208-220页 |
| Bibliography | 第220-232页 |
