| 摘要 | 第3-5页 |
| Summary | 第5-7页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第11-14页 |
| 1.1 Research Motivation and Gap | 第11-12页 |
| 1.2 Research Objectives | 第12-13页 |
| 1.3 Research Content | 第13页 |
| 1.4 Research Hypothesis | 第13页 |
| 1.5 Thesis outline | 第13-14页 |
| Chapter 2 Literature review | 第14-24页 |
| 2.1 Nitrous oxide (N_2O) emissions related research in rainfed agriculture | 第14-17页 |
| 2.1.1 Principles of N_2O production in soils | 第14-15页 |
| 2.1.2 Influence of soil conditions on N_2O emissions in rainfed areas | 第15-16页 |
| 2.1.3 Management measures of rainfed N_2O emissions | 第16-17页 |
| 2.2 Methane (CH_4) emissions related research in rainfed agriculture | 第17-20页 |
| 2.2.1 Mechanisms of CH_4 production in soils | 第17-18页 |
| 2.2.2 Effects of soil conditions on CH_4 emissions in rainfed areas | 第18-19页 |
| 2.2.3 Management measures of rainfed CH_4 emissions | 第19-20页 |
| 2.3 Carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions in rainfed areas | 第20-24页 |
| 2.3.1 Drivers of CO_2 production in soils | 第20页 |
| 2.3.2 Effects of soil conditions on CO_2 emissions in rainfed areas | 第20-21页 |
| 2.3.3 Management measures of rainfed CO_2 emissions | 第21-24页 |
| Chapter 3 Materials and Methods | 第24-37页 |
| 3.1 Site description | 第24-25页 |
| 3.2 Experimental design and treatment description | 第25-29页 |
| 3.2.1 Carbon addition sources | 第25-27页 |
| 3.2.1.1 Production and basic properties of biochar and straw | 第26-27页 |
| 3.2.2 Carbon addition patterns | 第27-29页 |
| 3.3 Measurement and Calculations | 第29-32页 |
| 3.3.1 Measurement of N_2O and CH_4 emissions | 第29-31页 |
| 3.3.1.1 Acquisition of gas | 第29-30页 |
| 3.3.1.2 N_2O and CH_4 emission analysis | 第30页 |
| 3.3.1.3 Calculation of N_2O and CH_4 emissions | 第30-31页 |
| 3.3.2 Measurement of CO_2 emissions | 第31页 |
| 3.3.3 Cumulative emission of N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 | 第31-32页 |
| 3.3.4 Global warming potential | 第32页 |
| 3.4 Soil sampling | 第32-34页 |
| 3.4.1 Soil chemical analyses | 第32-33页 |
| 3.4.1.1 Determination of soil pH | 第32页 |
| 3.4.1.2 Determination of easily oxidizable carbon | 第32页 |
| 3.4.1.3 Determination of light fraction organic carbon | 第32-33页 |
| 3.4.1.4 Determination of microbial biomass carbon | 第33页 |
| 3.4.1.5 Determination of soil organic carbon | 第33页 |
| 3.4.1.6 Determination of total nitrogen | 第33页 |
| 3.4.1.7 Carbon–to– nitrogen ratio | 第33页 |
| 3.4.2 Soil physical analyses | 第33-34页 |
| 3.4.2.1 Determination of soil temperature | 第33页 |
| 3.4.2.2 Determination of soil moisture | 第33-34页 |
| 3.4.2.3 Determination of soil bulk density | 第34页 |
| 3.4.2.4 Measurement of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity | 第34页 |
| 3.5 Grain yield and total aboveground biomass | 第34页 |
| 3.6 Greenhouse gas emission intensity | 第34页 |
| 3.7 Characterization of total aboveground biomass | 第34-35页 |
| 3.7.1 Determination of total carbon | 第35页 |
| 3.7.2 Determination of total nitrogen | 第35页 |
| 3.8 Calculation of C inputs | 第35-36页 |
| 3.9 Carbon balance | 第36页 |
| 3.10 Statistical analysis | 第36-37页 |
| Chapter 4 Greenhouse gas emissions under different carbon addition sources and patterns | 第37-56页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第37-38页 |
| 4.2 Influence of carbon addition sources on greenhouse gas emissions | 第38-49页 |
| 4.2.1 Seasonal greenhouse gas emissions under carbon addition sources | 第38-43页 |
| 4.2.1.1 Seasonal N_2O emissions | 第38-40页 |
| 4.2.1.2 Seasonal CH_4 emissions | 第40-42页 |
| 4.2.1.3 Seasonal CO_2 emissions | 第42-43页 |
| 4.2.2 Cumulative greenhouse gas emissions under carbon addition sources | 第43-48页 |
| 4.2.2.1 Cumulative emission of N_2O | 第43-45页 |
| 4.2.2.2 Cumulative emission of CH_4 | 第45-46页 |
| 4.2.2.3 Cumulative CO_2 emission and C output | 第46-48页 |
| 4.2.3 Global warming potential under carbon addition sources | 第48-49页 |
| 4.3 Influence of carbon addition patterns on greenhouse gas emissions | 第49-56页 |
| 4.3.1 Seasonal greenhouse gas emissions under carbon addition patterns | 第49-51页 |
| 4.3.1.1 Seasonal N_2O emissions | 第49-50页 |
| 4.3.1.2 Seasonal CH_4 emissions | 第50页 |
| 4.3.1.3 Seasonal CO_2 emissions | 第50-51页 |
| 4.3.2 Cumulative greenhouse gas emissions under carbon addition patterns | 第51-54页 |
| 4.3.2.1 Cumulative emission of N_2O | 第51-53页 |
| 4.3.2.2 Cumulative emission of CH_4 | 第53页 |
| 4.3.2.3 Cumulative CO_2 emission and C output | 第53-54页 |
| 4.3.3 Global warming potential under carbon addition patterns | 第54-56页 |
| Chapter 5 Soil properties response to different carbon addition sources and patterns | 第56-83页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第56-57页 |
| 5.2 Influence of carbon addition sources on soil properties | 第57-72页 |
| 5.2.1 Soil chemical parameters under carbon addition sources | 第57-62页 |
| 5.2.1.1 Soil pH | 第57-58页 |
| 5.2.1.2 Easily oxidizable carbon | 第58-59页 |
| 5.2.1.3 Soil organic carbon | 第59-60页 |
| 5.2.1.4 Total nitrogen | 第60-61页 |
| 5.2.1.5 Carbon–to–nitrogen ratio | 第61-62页 |
| 5.2.2 Soil physical parameters under carbon addition sources | 第62-71页 |
| 5.2.2.1 Seasonal variations in soil temperature | 第62-63页 |
| 5.2.2.2 Seasonal variations in soil moisture | 第63-65页 |
| 5.2.2.3 Variations in mean soil temperature and moisture | 第65-69页 |
| 5.2.2.4 Soil bulk density | 第69-70页 |
| 5.2.2.5 Saturated hydraulic conductivity | 第70-71页 |
| 5.2.3 Correlation between N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 emissions and soil properties | 第71-72页 |
| 5.3 Influence of carbon addition patterns on soil properties | 第72-83页 |
| 5.3.1 Soil chemical parameters under carbon addition patterns | 第72-77页 |
| 5.3.1.1 Light fraction organic carbon | 第72-73页 |
| 5.3.1.2 Microbial biomass carbon | 第73-75页 |
| 5.3.1.3 Soil organic carbon | 第75-77页 |
| 5.3.2 Soil physical parameters under carbon addition patterns | 第77-83页 |
| 5.3.2.1 Seasonal variations in soil temperature | 第77-78页 |
| 5.3.2.2 Seasonal variations in soil moisture content | 第78页 |
| 5.3.2.3 Variations in mean soil temperature and moisture | 第78-80页 |
| 5.3.2.4 Soil bulk density | 第80-81页 |
| 5.3.2.5 Saturated hydraulic conductivity | 第81-82页 |
| 5.3.2.6 Correlation between N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 emissions and soil properties | 第82-83页 |
| Chapter 6 Crop productivity and carbon inputs under different carbon addition sources and patterns | 第83-96页 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 第83-84页 |
| 6.2 Influence of carbon addition sources on crop productivity and C inputs | 第84-90页 |
| 6.2.1 Stubble yield under carbon addition sources | 第84-85页 |
| 6.2.2 Grain yield under carbon addition sources | 第85-86页 |
| 6.2.3 Greenhouse gas emission intensity under carbon addition sources | 第86-87页 |
| 6.2.4 Total C and N of spring wheat under carbon addition sources | 第87-89页 |
| 6.2.5 Carbon inputs and soil C balance under carbon addition sources | 第89-90页 |
| 6.3 Influence of carbon addition patterns on crop productivity and C inputs | 第90-96页 |
| 6.3.1 Stubble and grain yield under carbon addition patterns | 第90-92页 |
| 6.3.2 Greenhouse gas intensity under carbon addition patterns | 第92页 |
| 6.3.3 Total C and N of spring wheat under carbon addition patterns | 第92-93页 |
| 6.3.4 Carbon inputs and soil C balance under carbon addition patterns | 第93-96页 |
| Chapter 7 Discussion and conclusion | 第96-115页 |
| 7.1 Discussion | 第96-112页 |
| 7.1.1 General trend of greenhouse gas emissions | 第96-100页 |
| 7.1.1.1 General trend of N_2O emissions | 第96-97页 |
| 7.1.1.2 General trend of CH_4 emissions | 第97-98页 |
| 7.1.1.3 General trend of CO_2 emissions | 第98-100页 |
| 7.1.2 Influence of carbon sources and carbon patterns on soil properties | 第100-104页 |
| 7.1.2.1 Soil chemical properties response to carbon sources and carbon patterns | 第100-103页 |
| 7.1.2.2 Soil physical properties response to carbon sources and carbon patterns | 第103-104页 |
| 7.1.3 Influence of carbon sources and carbon patterns on greenhouse gas emissions | 第104-109页 |
| 7.1.3.1 Nitrous oxide emissions response to carbon sources and carbon patterns | 第104-106页 |
| 7.1.3.2 Methane emissions response to carbon sources and carbon patterns | 第106-107页 |
| 7.1.3.3 Carbon dioxide emissions response to carbon sources and carbon patterns | 第107-109页 |
| 7.1.3.4 Cropping year effects on nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide emissions | 第109页 |
| 7.1.4 Crop productivity response to carbon sources and carbon patterns | 第109-112页 |
| 7.1.4.1 Stubble and grain yield | 第109-112页 |
| 7.1.4.2 Carbon inputs | 第112页 |
| 7.2 Conclusion | 第112-114页 |
| 7.3 Limitation and future research work | 第114-115页 |
| References | 第115-137页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第137-138页 |
| Personal Resume | 第138页 |
| Publications | 第138-140页 |
| Professor Zhang Renzhi | 第140-142页 |
