| Abstract | 第11-13页 |
| 摘要 | 第14-21页 |
| List of Abbreviations | 第21-22页 |
| Chapter One Introduction | 第22-30页 |
| 1.1 Background of the Study | 第22-23页 |
| 1.2 Statement of the Problem | 第23-25页 |
| 1.3 Purpose and Method of the Study | 第25-27页 |
| 1.4 Significance of the Study | 第27-28页 |
| 1.5 Organization of the Dissertation | 第28-30页 |
| Chapter Two Literature Review | 第30-76页 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 第30页 |
| 2.2 Definitions of Recasts | 第30-33页 |
| 2.3 Studies of Recasts in Different Settings | 第33-38页 |
| 2.3.1 Recasts in Classroom Settings | 第33-35页 |
| 2.3.2 Recasts in Non-Instructional Settings | 第35-38页 |
| 2.4 Receptive Effects of Recasts | 第38-43页 |
| 2.4.1 Learner Uptake | 第38-40页 |
| 2.4.2 Learners' Noticing of Recasts | 第40-43页 |
| 2.5 Productive Effects of Recasts | 第43-56页 |
| 2.5.1 Learners' Immediate Responses | 第43-47页 |
| 2.5.2 Long-term L2 Development | 第47-51页 |
| 2.5.3 Advantage of Recasts over Other Feedback Types | 第51-56页 |
| 2.6 Factors Influencing the Effects of Recasts | 第56-67页 |
| 2.6.1 Language Proficiency | 第56-58页 |
| 2.6.2 Perceptual Attitudes | 第58-61页 |
| 2.6.3 Recasts Types | 第61-64页 |
| 2.6.4 Target Structure | 第64-65页 |
| 2.6.5 Anxiety Level | 第65-67页 |
| 2.7 Studies on the Effects of Recasts on Question Production | 第67-72页 |
| 2.8 Research Gaps and Research Questions | 第72-75页 |
| 2.9 Summary | 第75-76页 |
| Chapter Three Methodology | 第76-106页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第76页 |
| 3.2 Participants | 第76-81页 |
| 3.2.1 Profile of the Participants | 第76-77页 |
| 3.2.2 Selection of the Participants | 第77-78页 |
| 3.2.3 Grouping of the Participants | 第78-81页 |
| 3.3 Sources of Data | 第81-87页 |
| 3.3.1 Interactional Tasks | 第82-85页 |
| 3.3.2 Pretests, Posttests and Delayed Posttests | 第85-86页 |
| 3.3.3 Learning Journals | 第86页 |
| 3.3.4 Semi-Structured Interviews | 第86-87页 |
| 3.4 The Pilot Study | 第87-88页 |
| 3.5 Data Collection Procedure | 第88-93页 |
| 3.5.1 Completing the Interactional Tasks | 第89-90页 |
| 3.5.2 Completing the Pretests, Posttests and Delayed Posttests | 第90-92页 |
| 3.5.3 Collecting the Learning Journals | 第92页 |
| 3.5.4 Conducting the Semi-Structured Interviews | 第92-93页 |
| 3.6 Data Analysis | 第93-104页 |
| 3.6.1 Analyzing the Interactional Tasks | 第94-99页 |
| 3.6.2 Analyzing the Pretests, Posttests and Delayed Posttests | 第99-101页 |
| 3.6.3 Analyzing the Learning Journals | 第101-103页 |
| 3.6.4 Analyzing the Semi-Structured Interviews | 第103-104页 |
| 3.7 Summary | 第104-106页 |
| Chapter Four Effects of Recasts on Question Production by Lower-Level Students | 第106-142页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第106页 |
| 4.2 Recasts Provided for Lower-Level Students | 第106-108页 |
| 4.2.1 Quantity of Recasts for Lower-Level Students | 第106-107页 |
| 4.2.2 Quality of Recasts for Lower-Level Students | 第107-108页 |
| 4.3 Noticing of Recasts by Lower-Level Students | 第108-110页 |
| 4.4 Perceptions of Lower-Level Students on the Use of Recasts | 第110-119页 |
| 4.4.1 Shared Perceptions of Lower-Level Students | 第111-113页 |
| 4.4.2 Specific Perceptions of Individual Lower-Level Students | 第113-119页 |
| 4.5 Responses of Lower-Level Students to Recasts Provided | 第119-127页 |
| 4.5.1 Learner Uptake by Lower-Level Students | 第119-122页 |
| 4.5.2 Primed Production by Lower-Level Students | 第122-127页 |
| 4.6 The Improvement in Question Production by Lower-Level Students | 第127-140页 |
| 4.6.1 Larger Number of Questions Produced by Lower-Level Students | 第127-129页 |
| 4.6.2 Higher Quality of Questions Produced by Lower-Level Students | 第129-134页 |
| 4.6.3 Upgrade of Developmental Stages by Lower-Level Students | 第134-140页 |
| 4.7 Summary | 第140-142页 |
| Chapter Five Effects of Recasts on Question Production by Intermediate-Level Students | 第142-179页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第142页 |
| 5.2 Recasts Provided for Intermediate-Level Students | 第142-144页 |
| 5.2.1 Quantity of Recasts for Intermediate-Level Students | 第142-143页 |
| 5.2.2 Quality of Recasts for Intermediate-Level Students | 第143-144页 |
| 5.3 Noticing of Recasts by Intermediate-Level Students | 第144-147页 |
| 5.4 Perceptions of Intermediate-Level Students on the Use of Recasts | 第147-155页 |
| 5.4.1 Shared Perceptions of Intermediate-Level Students | 第147-149页 |
| 5.4.2 Specific Perceptions of Individual Intermediate-Level Students | 第149-155页 |
| 5.5 Responses of Intermediate-Level Students to Recasts Provided | 第155-164页 |
| 5.5.1 Learner Uptake by Intermediate-Level Students | 第155-158页 |
| 5.5.2 Primed Production by Intermediate-Level Students | 第158-164页 |
| 5.6 The Improvement in Question Production by Intermediate-Level Students | 第164-177页 |
| 5.6.1 Larger Number of Questions Produced by Intermediate-Level Students | 第164-167页 |
| 5.6.2 Higher Quality of Questions Produced by Intermediate-Level Students | 第167-172页 |
| 5.6.3 Upgrade of Developmental Stages by Intermediate-Level Students | 第172-177页 |
| 5.7 Summary | 第177-179页 |
| Chapter Six Effects of Recasts on Question Production by Higher-Level Students | 第179-217页 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 第179页 |
| 6.2 Recasts Provided for Higher-Level Students | 第179-181页 |
| 6.2.1 Quantity of Recasts for Higher-Level Students | 第179-180页 |
| 6.2.2 Quality of Recasts for Higher-Level Students | 第180-181页 |
| 6.3 Noticing of Recasts by Higher-Level Students | 第181-184页 |
| 6.4 Perceptions of Higher-Level Students on the Use of Recasts | 第184-193页 |
| 6.4.1 Shared Perceptions of Higher-Level Students | 第184-186页 |
| 6.4.2 Specific Perceptions of Individual Higher-Level Students | 第186-193页 |
| 6.5 Responses of Higher-Level Students to Recasts Provided | 第193-200页 |
| 6.5.1 Learner Uptake by Higher-Level Students | 第193-195页 |
| 6.5.2 Primed Production by Higher-Level Students | 第195-200页 |
| 6.6 The Improvement in Question Production by Higher-Level Students | 第200-215页 |
| 6.6.1 Larger Number of Questions Produced by Higher-Level Students | 第201-203页 |
| 6.6.2 Higher Quality of Questions Produced by Higher-Level Students | 第203-209页 |
| 6.6.3 Upgrade of Developmental Stages by Higher-Level Students | 第209-215页 |
| 6.7 Summary | 第215-217页 |
| Chapter Seven Effects of the Recasts on Learners' Production from a Cross-Level Perspective | 第217-240页 |
| 7.1 Introduction | 第217页 |
| 7.2 Patterns and Discrepancies in Provision of Recasts | 第217-219页 |
| 7.3 Patterns and Discrepancies in Noticing of Recasts | 第219-220页 |
| 7.4 Patterns and Discrepancies in Perceptions of Recasts | 第220-223页 |
| 7.5 Patterns and Discrepancies in Responses to Recasts Provided | 第223-228页 |
| 7.5.1 Learner Uptake across the Levels | 第223-225页 |
| 7.5.2 Primed Production across the Levels | 第225-228页 |
| 7.6 Patterns and Discrepancies in the Improvement of Question Production | 第228-238页 |
| 7.6.1 Quantity of Questions Produced by Learners at Three Levels | 第228-231页 |
| 7.6.2 Quality of Questions Produced by Learners at Three Levels | 第231-235页 |
| 7.6.3 Upgrade of Developmental Stages by Learners at Three Levels | 第235-238页 |
| 7.7 Summary | 第238-240页 |
| Chapter Eight Discussion of Major Findings | 第240-256页 |
| 8.1 Introduction | 第240页 |
| 8.2 Stable Provision of Recasts for Cross-Level Learners | 第240-241页 |
| 8.3 Indirect Role of Noticing of Recasts in L2 Development | 第241-242页 |
| 8.4 Strong Preference for Recasts over Other Feedback Types | 第242-245页 |
| 8.5 Low Frequency of Successful Uptake in Response to Recasts | 第245-246页 |
| 8.6 Strong Correlation between Primed Production and Noticing of Recasts | 第246-247页 |
| 8.7 Significant Role of Primed Production in L2 Development | 第247-249页 |
| 8.8 Step-by-Step Upgrade of Developmental Stages | 第249-251页 |
| 8.9 Sequenced Acquisition of English Question Forms | 第251-252页 |
| 8.10 Overall Improvement in English Question Production | 第252-254页 |
| 8.11 Sustained Over-Time Effects of Recasts | 第254-255页 |
| 8.12 Summary | 第255-256页 |
| Chapter Nine Conclusion | 第256-267页 |
| 9.1 Summary of the Study | 第256-258页 |
| 9.2 Pedagogical Implications | 第258-263页 |
| 9.2.1 Taking Learners' Proficiency Level into Consideration | 第258-259页 |
| 9.2.2 Paying Due Attention to Sustained Effects of Recasts | 第259-261页 |
| 9.2.3 Making Efforts to Collect Reports on Noticing of Recasts | 第261-262页 |
| 9.2.4 Attaching Importance to Learners' Perceptions of Recasts | 第262-263页 |
| 9.3 Limitations of the Study | 第263-265页 |
| 9.4 Suggestions for Further Research | 第265-267页 |
| References | 第267-280页 |
| Appendix Ⅰ Developmental Stages in ESL Question Production | 第280-281页 |
| Appendix Ⅱ Treatment Tasks | 第281-282页 |
| Appendix Ⅲ Test Tasks | 第282-283页 |
| Appendix Ⅳ Learning Journal | 第283-284页 |
| Appendix Ⅴ Guidelines for Semi-Structured Interviews | 第284-285页 |
| Appendix Ⅵ Transcription Conventions for the Interactions | 第285-286页 |
| Appendix Ⅶ Excerpts of Dyadic Interactions | 第286-292页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第292-294页 |
| Publications | 第294-295页 |
| 学位论文评阅及答辩情况表 | 第295页 |
