| abstract | 第5-6页 |
| 摘要 | 第7-11页 |
| Chapter 1. General Review: Use of Entomopathogenic fungi as a Biological control agent against insect-pest, an overview | 第11-31页 |
| 1 Introduction | 第11-17页 |
| 1.1 History of EPF and BCAs | 第12-15页 |
| 1.2 Benefits and Limitations | 第15-17页 |
| 1.2.1 Utility over Chemical Pesticides | 第15-16页 |
| 1.2.2 Mode of infection, a big advantage of EPF over other entomopathogens | 第16-17页 |
| 2 Entomopathogenic fungi, habitats and uses | 第17-18页 |
| 3 Biology of Entompathogenic Fungi | 第18-19页 |
| 4 Classification of entomopathogenic fungi | 第19-21页 |
| 5 Host specificity and dispersal of Entomopathogenic fungi | 第21-24页 |
| 6 Development of myco-insecticides | 第24-25页 |
| 6.1 Native EPF, a better choice for biological control | 第25页 |
| 7 Fungal genera used in our study | 第25-27页 |
| 7.1 Beauveria spp | 第25-26页 |
| 7.2 Metarhizium spp | 第26页 |
| 7.3 Isaria spp | 第26-27页 |
| 8 Insects models in our study | 第27-31页 |
| 8.1 Mythimna separata (oriental armyworm) | 第27-28页 |
| 8.1.1 Pest status | 第27页 |
| 8.1.2 Morphology and Biology | 第27-28页 |
| 8.2 Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworms) | 第28-31页 |
| 8.2.1 Pest Status | 第29页 |
| 8.2.2 Morphology and Biology | 第29-31页 |
| Chapter 2. Pathogenicity and virulence of the entomopathogenic fungi depend on selective suppression of anti-oxidative and detoxification enzymes in the insect host | 第31-54页 |
| 1 Introduction | 第31-33页 |
| 2 Materials and methods | 第33-38页 |
| 2.1 Insects | 第33页 |
| 2.2 Fungal source, preparation of conidia and germination test | 第33-34页 |
| 2.3 Virulence assay | 第34-35页 |
| 2.4 Preparation of tissue samples for scanning electron microscopic examination | 第35-36页 |
| 2.5 Sample preparation, enzyme extraction and protein determination | 第36页 |
| 2.6 Anti-oxidative enzymes activity assay | 第36-37页 |
| 2.6.1 Catalase (CAT) activity: | 第36页 |
| 2.6.2 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity: | 第36-37页 |
| 2.6.3 Peroxidase (POD) activity: | 第37页 |
| 2.7 Detoxification enzymes activity assay | 第37-38页 |
| 2.7.1 Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) activity: | 第37页 |
| 2.7.2 Carboxylesterase (CarE) activity | 第37页 |
| 2.7.3 Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP) activity: | 第37-38页 |
| 3 Results and discussion | 第38-53页 |
| 3.1 Virulence assay | 第38-40页 |
| 3.2 Morphology and pathogenicity of isolates | 第40-44页 |
| 3.3 Effect of different fungal isolates on anti-oxidative enzyme activities during infection | 第44-48页 |
| 3.4 Effect of different fungal isolates on detoxification enzyme activities during infection | 第48-53页 |
| 4 Conclusion | 第53-54页 |
| Chapter 3. Screening of novel entomopathogenic fungi against Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), mode of infection and dissection of defense response of the host through enzymatic analysis | 第54-77页 |
| 1 Introduction | 第54-55页 |
| 2 Materials and methods | 第55-67页 |
| 2.1 Insect preparation | 第55页 |
| 2.2 Production of Fungal conidia | 第55-58页 |
| 2.3 Preparation and application of conidial suspensions | 第58-60页 |
| 2.4 Virulence bioassays | 第60-61页 |
| 2.5 Enzyme activity assay | 第61-63页 |
| 2.5.1 Detoxification enzymes activity assay | 第61-62页 |
| 2.5.2 Anti-oxidative enzymes activity assay | 第62-63页 |
| 2.6 Transmission Electron microscopy | 第63-67页 |
| 3 Results | 第67-76页 |
| 3.1 Virulence assays | 第67页 |
| 3.2 Changes in anti-oxidative enzymes profile during fungal infection | 第67-71页 |
| 3.3 Changes in detoxification enzymes activity during fungal infection | 第71-74页 |
| 3.4 Transmission Electron microscopy | 第74-76页 |
| 4 Conclusion | 第76-77页 |
| Chapter 4. Discussion and Conclusion | 第77-80页 |
| 1 General Discussion | 第77-79页 |
| 2 Conclusion | 第79-80页 |
| References | 第80-95页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第95-96页 |
| Author’s Introduction | 第96页 |
| Author’s publication | 第96-97页 |
| Author’s Awards | 第97-98页 |
| Appendix | 第98-100页 |
