| 摘要 | 第5-7页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第7-8页 |
| Chapter One Introduction | 第11-14页 |
| 1.1 Research Background | 第11-12页 |
| 1.2 Research Significance | 第12页 |
| 1.3 Research Questions | 第12页 |
| 1.4 Research Methods | 第12-13页 |
| 1.5 Layout of the Thesis | 第13-14页 |
| Chapter Two Literature Review | 第14-19页 |
| 2.1 Previous Studies of Hedges | 第14-16页 |
| 2.1.1 Non-corpus-based Studies of Hedges | 第14-15页 |
| 2.1.2 Corpus-based Studies of Hedges | 第15-16页 |
| 2.2 Previous Studies of Spoken English in TEM-4 and TEM-8 | 第16-18页 |
| 2.3 Issues Seldom Touched in Previous Studies of Hedges | 第18-19页 |
| Chapter Three Theoretical Framework | 第19-28页 |
| 3.1 Definitions of Hedges | 第19-20页 |
| 3.2 Classifications of Hedges | 第20-24页 |
| 3.3 Definitions of Complexity Theory | 第24-26页 |
| 3.4 Principles of Complexity Theory | 第26-28页 |
| Chapter Four Research Methodology | 第28-35页 |
| 4.1 Approach of CIA and Corpora Employed | 第28-30页 |
| 4.1.1 Approach of CIA | 第28-29页 |
| 4.1.2 Corpora Employed | 第29-30页 |
| 4.2 Data Retrieval Software Employed | 第30-31页 |
| 4.3 Research Procedure | 第31-34页 |
| 4.4 Data Collection | 第34页 |
| 4.5 Validity and Reliability | 第34-35页 |
| Chapter Five Research Results and Discussion | 第35-55页 |
| 5.1 Linguistic Realization of Hedges | 第35-36页 |
| 5.2 Overall View of Hedges in the Corpora | 第36-39页 |
| 5.3 Comparative Analysis of Hedging Items in the Corpora | 第39-48页 |
| 5.3.1 Frequency Distribution of Approximators and Shields in COCA and SECCL-TEM8 | 第39-41页 |
| 5.3.2 Frequency Distribution of Hedges in the Four Types in COCA and SECCL-TEM8 | 第41-42页 |
| 5.3.3 Frequency Distribution of Each Type | 第42-48页 |
| 5.4 Reason Analysis of Differences from the Perspective of Complexity Theory | 第48-55页 |
| 5.4.1 Analysis from the Perspective of Second Language Level | 第48-51页 |
| 5.4.2 Analysis from the Perspective of Social Environment | 第51-55页 |
| Chapter Six Pedagogical Implications | 第55-57页 |
| 6.1 Cultivating Awareness of Hedges | 第55页 |
| 6.2 Cultivating Awareness of Cross-culture | 第55-56页 |
| 6.3 Focusing on High Frequency Hedges | 第56-57页 |
| Chapter Seven Conclusion | 第57-60页 |
| 7.1 Major Findings of This Study | 第57-58页 |
| 7.2 Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research | 第58-60页 |
| References | 第60-64页 |
| Appendix A | 第64-65页 |
| Appendix B | 第65-66页 |
| Acknowledgements | 第66页 |
