| Abstract | 第4-6页 |
| 摘要 | 第7-21页 |
| List of Abbreviations and Acronyms | 第21-22页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第22-45页 |
| 1.1 Significance of the Study | 第22页 |
| 1.2 Research Background | 第22-24页 |
| 1.3 Literature Review | 第24-39页 |
| 1.3.1 The proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) | 第24-29页 |
| 1.3.2 Mechanisms of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) | 第29-32页 |
| 1.3.3 Electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction | 第32-35页 |
| 1.3.4 Palladium based electrocatalysts | 第35-36页 |
| 1.3.5 Origin of enhanced activity on electrocatalysts of the ORR | 第36-39页 |
| 1.4 Statement of the Problem | 第39-41页 |
| 1.5 Aim and Objectives of the Study | 第41-42页 |
| 1.6 The Research Approach and Implementation | 第42-44页 |
| 1.7 Structure and organization of the Dissertation | 第44-45页 |
| Chapter 2 Synthesis and Characterization Methods | 第45-56页 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 第45-46页 |
| 2.2 Chemicals, Equipments and Instruments | 第46-47页 |
| 2.2.1 Chemical Reagents | 第46页 |
| 2.2.2 Equipments and Instruments | 第46-47页 |
| 2.3 Synthesis of nanostructured Pd-based electrocatalysts | 第47-50页 |
| 2.4 Structural and Compositional Characterization | 第50-52页 |
| 2.4.1 X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) | 第50页 |
| 2.4.2 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-rayspectroscopy (EDS or EDX) | 第50-51页 |
| 2.4.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) | 第51-52页 |
| 2.5 Electrochemical Characterization | 第52-55页 |
| 2.5.1 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) | 第52-54页 |
| 2.5.2 ORR testing using a Rotating disc electrode (RDE) | 第54-55页 |
| 2.6 Chapter Summary | 第55-56页 |
| Chapter 3 Activity and Stability of Ordered Intermetallic Pd_3Fe/C Nanoparticlestowards ORR | 第56-82页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第56-57页 |
| 3.2 Experimental Procedures | 第57-58页 |
| 3.2.1 Synthesis of O-Pd_3Fe/C nanoparticles | 第57页 |
| 3.2.2 Physical characterization of O-Pd3Fe/C nanoparticles | 第57-58页 |
| 3.2.3 Electrochemical measurement of O-Pd_3Fe/C nanoparticles | 第58页 |
| 3.3 Results and Discussion | 第58-76页 |
| 3.3.1 Structural and compositional properties of the nanoparticles | 第58-67页 |
| 3.3.2 Activity of O-Pd_3Fe/C nanoparticles towards ORR | 第67-74页 |
| 3.3.3 Stability of O-Pd_3Fe/C nanoparticles | 第74-76页 |
| 3.4 Effect of different preparation methods on electrocatalytic activity of Pd-Fe/Cnanoparticles | 第76-81页 |
| 3.4.1 Synthesis and physical properties of the Pd-Fe/C nanoparticles | 第76-80页 |
| 3.4.2 Electrocatalytic activity of the Pd-Fe/C nanoparticles | 第80-81页 |
| 3.5 Chapter Summary | 第81-82页 |
| Chapter 4 Synthesis and Characterization of Pd-Ir-Fe Alloy CathodeElectrocatalysts for PEMFC at various mole ratios | 第82-106页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第82-83页 |
| 4.2 Experimental Details | 第83-85页 |
| 4.2.1 Preparation of ternary Pd-Ir-Fe/Calloy electrocatalysts | 第83-84页 |
| 4.2.2 Structural and compositional characterization | 第84页 |
| 4.2.3 Electrochemical testing on CV and RDE techniques | 第84-85页 |
| 4.3 Analysis of the Results | 第85-104页 |
| 4.3.1 Physical characteristics of ternary Pd-Ir-Fe/C electrocatalysts | 第85-94页 |
| 4.3.2 ORR activity and Stability Test Results | 第94-102页 |
| 4.3.3 Methanol tolerance of ternary Pd_3Ir Fe/C alloy electrocatalyst | 第102-104页 |
| 4.4 Chapter Summary | 第104-106页 |
| Chapter 5 Concentration Gradient Pd-Ir-Ni/C Core-shell Electrocatalyst for ORRin PEMFC | 第106-138页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第106-107页 |
| 5.2 Experimental Details | 第107-109页 |
| 5.2.1 Synthesis of CG Pd-Ir-Ni/C core-shell electrocatalyst | 第107-108页 |
| 5.2.2 Structural analysis of CG Pd-Ir-Ni/C core-shell electrocatalyst | 第108-109页 |
| 5.2.3 Electrochemical measurement of CG Pd-Ir-Ni/C core-shell catalyst | 第109页 |
| 5.3 Results and Discussion | 第109-135页 |
| 5.3.1 Structural analysis of CG Pd-Ir-Ni/C core-shell electrocatalyst | 第109-121页 |
| 5.3.2 ORR activity of CG Pd-Ir-Ni/C core-shell electrocatalyst | 第121-128页 |
| 5.3.3 Durability of CG Pd-Ir-Ni/C core-shell electrocatalyst | 第128-134页 |
| 5.3.4 Methanol tolerance of CG Pd-Ir-Ni/C core-shell electrocatalyst | 第134-135页 |
| 5.4 Activity Comparison of the Nanostructured Pd based Electrocatalysts | 第135-136页 |
| 5.5 Chapter Summary | 第136-138页 |
| Conclusion and Recommendations | 第138-141页 |
| References | 第141-152页 |
| Publications | 第152-154页 |
| Acknowledgement | 第154-155页 |
| 致谢 | 第155-156页 |
| Curriculum Vitae | 第156页 |
