| 摘要 | 第1-5页 |
| Abstract | 第5-11页 |
| List of Tables | 第11-12页 |
| Introduction | 第12-16页 |
| Chapter One Previous Researches on Language Contact and Contact Between Putonghua and Ningxiang Dialect | 第16-25页 |
| ·Language Contact | 第16-20页 |
| ·Related Concepts | 第16-17页 |
| ·Linguistic Results of Language Contact | 第17-19页 |
| ·Contact-induced Language Changes | 第19-20页 |
| ·Contacts between Putonghua and Ningxiang Dialect | 第20-23页 |
| ·Current Language Use Situation in Ningxiang County | 第20-21页 |
| ·Influence of Putonghua on Ningxiang Dialect | 第21-22页 |
| ·Local Putonghua | 第22-23页 |
| ·Comments on Previous Researches | 第23-25页 |
| Chapter Two Language Variation | 第25-31页 |
| ·Language and Dialect | 第25-26页 |
| ·The Variationist Viewpoint on Language Contact | 第26-27页 |
| ·Social Variables of Language | 第27-29页 |
| ·Class Stratification | 第27-28页 |
| ·Gender | 第28-29页 |
| ·Age | 第29页 |
| ·Speech Community | 第29-31页 |
| Chapter Three Research Methodology | 第31-39页 |
| ·Hypotheses | 第31页 |
| ·Research Subjects | 第31-33页 |
| ·Data Collection | 第33-36页 |
| ·Observation of Daily Conversation | 第33页 |
| ·Tape-recorded Naturalistic Conversation | 第33-35页 |
| ·A Detailed Language Attitude Questionnaire Survey | 第35-36页 |
| ·Data Processing | 第36-39页 |
| ·Transcription of the Speech Data | 第36-37页 |
| ·Distributional and Multivariate Analysis of the Recorded Speech Data | 第37页 |
| ·Analysis of the Questionnaire Survey | 第37-39页 |
| Chapter Four Results and Discussion | 第39-68页 |
| ·The Variation of Modal Particles in Ningxiang Local Putonghua | 第39-53页 |
| ·Overall Types of Modal Particles Variation | 第39-41页 |
| ·Modal Particles of Statement | 第41-43页 |
| ·Modal Particles of Query | 第43-46页 |
| ·Modal Particles of Exclamatory | 第46-48页 |
| ·Modal Particles of Imperative | 第48-51页 |
| ·Modal Particles of Pause | 第51-53页 |
| ·Linguistic Inferences on the Use of Modal Particles in Ningxiang Local Putonghua | 第53-55页 |
| ·Words of Modal Particles Variation | 第54页 |
| ·Pronunciation in Words of Modal Particles Variation | 第54-55页 |
| ·Extralinguistic Inferences on the Modal Particles Variation in Ningxiang Local Putonghua | 第55-61页 |
| ·Gender | 第55-56页 |
| ·Age | 第56-57页 |
| ·Occupation | 第57-58页 |
| ·Educational Background | 第58-60页 |
| ·Occasion | 第60-61页 |
| ·Multivariate Analysis | 第61-63页 |
| ·Language Attitudes toward Ningxiang Local Putonghua | 第63-68页 |
| ·Overall Attitudes toward Ningxiang Local Putonghua | 第63-64页 |
| ·Different Attitudes of Males and Females | 第64-65页 |
| ·Different Attitudes of Different Age Groups | 第65页 |
| ·Different Attitudes from People with Different Educational Levels | 第65-66页 |
| ·Different Attitudes of Different Occupations | 第66-68页 |
| Chapter Five Causes for Language Variation and Implications of the Study | 第68-74页 |
| ·Causes for Language Variation of Ningxiang Local Putonghua | 第68-71页 |
| ·The Influence of Ningxiang Dialect on Putonghua | 第68-69页 |
| ·Insufficient Ability of Language Learning | 第69页 |
| ·The Social Psychology of Convergence and Attitude of Local People | 第69-71页 |
| ·Implication of the Study | 第71-74页 |
| ·The Importance of Popularizing Standard Putonghua | 第71-72页 |
| ·Forecast of the Trend of Ningxiang Local Putonghua | 第72-74页 |
| Conclusion | 第74-77页 |
| Works Cited | 第77-81页 |
| Acknowledgments | 第81-83页 |
| Appendix A: Comparison Table of Modal Particles Variation in Ningxiang Local Putonghua Cited with Standard Putonghua in Chinese | 第83-85页 |
| Appendix B: The Examples from the Excel Data Base of Ningxiang Local Putonghua of Modal Particles Variation | 第85-87页 |
| Appendix C: Coding for Each Factor Group | 第87-89页 |
| Appendix D: Questionnaire | 第89-91页 |
| Informative Abstract in Chinese | 第91-94页 |
| Résumé and Publications since Entering the Program | 第94页 |
