| Introduction | 第1-13页 |
| Chapter One Foundation for This Thesis | 第13-20页 |
| 1 Translation and Communication | 第13页 |
| 2 Reference and Reference Items | 第13-14页 |
| 3 The Classification | 第14-16页 |
| 4 The Importance of the Study of Reference and Its Items in Translation | 第16-17页 |
| 5 Strategies for the Study of My Project | 第17页 |
| 6 Disparities between English and Chinese in General and Differences Between Their Reference Items | 第17-19页 |
| 7 Methods Adopted for the Handling Of Reference Items | 第19-20页 |
| Chapter Two Personal Reference Items and Their Translation | 第20-61页 |
| 1 The Systems of Personals in English and Chinese | 第20-22页 |
| 1．1 The System of Personals in English and Chinese | 第20-21页 |
| 1．2 The Difference Between English and Chinese Personals | 第21-22页 |
| 2 Some Personal Reference Items and Their Translation | 第22-40页 |
| 2．1 The Translation of Some Chinese Respectful and Self-Depreciatory Expressions | 第22-24页 |
| 2．2 Amplification in the Translation of Some Ambiguous Possessive Pronouns | 第24-25页 |
| 2．3 Omission in Translating Unspecific Plural Personals and 他/IT | 第25-28页 |
| 2．4 Change in the Translation of Some Personals | 第28-33页 |
| 2．4．1 Change of the Number | 第28-29页 |
| 2．4．2 Change of the Person | 第29-30页 |
| 2．4．3 Change of they into Nouns | 第30-31页 |
| 2．4．4 Change of 我 into self | 第31页 |
| 2．4．5 Change of 你．．．我．．．and 你．．．他．．．into Indefinite Pronouns | 第31-33页 |
| 2．5 Metaphrase of the Editorial we | 第33页 |
| 2．6 The Translation of he and she in Special Reference Items | 第33-37页 |
| 2．7 The Translation of Several Unspecific Personals Specific to Chinese | 第37-40页 |
| 3 Anaphoric Reference and Their Translation | 第40-46页 |
| 3．1 Method Ⅰ Retaining of personals | 第40-41页 |
| 3．2 Method Ⅱ Repetition of the referents | 第41-42页 |
| 3．3 Method Ⅲ Adding of the personals | 第42-43页 |
| 3．4 Method Ⅳ Omission of the personals | 第43-44页 |
| 3．5 Method Ⅴ Change of the personals | 第44-46页 |
| 4 Cataphoric Reference and Their Translation | 第46-49页 |
| 4．1 Method Ⅰ Omitting of the cataphoric personals | 第46-47页 |
| 4．2 Method Ⅱ Preposing the referent | 第47页 |
| 4．3 Method Ⅲ Repeating the Referent | 第47-48页 |
| 4．4 Method Ⅴ Changing the eataphora to anaphora | 第48-49页 |
| 5 Reflexive Pronouns and Their Translation | 第49-61页 |
| Chapter Three Demonstrative Reference Items and Their Translation | 第61-82页 |
| 1 The Systems of Demonstratives in English and Chinese | 第62-63页 |
| 1．1 The Systems of Demonstratives in English and Chinese | 第62-63页 |
| 1．2 The Basic Differences between English and Chinese Demonstratives | 第63页 |
| 2 Near and Remote Demonstratives in English and Their Translation | 第63-70页 |
| 3 这 and 那 and Their Translation | 第70-79页 |
| 3．1 这/那 in Chinese | 第70-71页 |
| 3．2 The Translation of 这/那 | 第71-79页 |
| 3．2．1 Method Ⅰ Correspondence | 第71-73页 |
| 3．2．2 Method Ⅱ Non-Correspondence | 第73-79页 |
| 3．2．2．1 into indefinite pronoun | 第74-76页 |
| 3．2．2．2 into the definite article the | 第76页 |
| 3．2．2．3 translating 这 into that | 第76-77页 |
| 3．2．2．4 into personals or nouns | 第77-78页 |
| 3．2．2．5 paraphrase of 这．．．那 | 第78页 |
| 3．2．2．6 into adverbs | 第78-79页 |
| 4 The Translation of THE | 第79-82页 |
| 4．1 Generalizing function | 第79页 |
| 4．2 Specifying function | 第79-81页 |
| 4．2．1 into 这 | 第79-80页 |
| 4．2．2 into 那 | 第80页 |
| 4．2．3 omission | 第80-81页 |
| 4．3 Emphatic usage | 第81-82页 |
| Conclusions | 第82-84页 |
| References | 第84-89页 |
