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Functional and Molecular Characterization of Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BoHV-1) pUL21

中文摘要第11-13页
ABSTRACT第13-15页
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS第16-19页
1 INTRODUCTION第19-40页
    1.1 Biology of bovine herpesvirus-1第20-21页
    1.2 Virus structure第21-22页
    1.3 Virus genome and proteins第22-24页
    1.4 Physiochemical properties of the virus第24页
    1.5 Host range第24-25页
    1.6 Bo HV-1 replication cycle第25-28页
        1.6.1 Virus transmission第25页
        1.6.2 Virus entry第25-26页
        1.6.3 Transcription of Bo HV-1 genome第26-28页
    1.7 Virion assembly and egress pathway第28页
    1.8 Primary envelopment: virus budding at the inner nuclear membrane第28-29页
    1.9 De-envelopment第29-30页
    1.10 Re-envelopment/secondary envelopment第30-31页
    1.11 Transport and release of virus第31-32页
    1.12 Dissemination and spread第32-33页
    1.13 The Bo HV-1 latency第33-35页
        1.13.1 Establishment of latency第33-34页
        1.13.2 Reactivation from latency第34-35页
    1.14 Immunology of Bo HV-1 infection第35页
    1.15 Functional roles of the tegument proteins in viral assembly and egress第35-37页
    1.16 Bovine herpesvirus 1 UL21 protein (p UL21)第37-39页
    1.17 Objective of this study第39-40页
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS第40-84页
    2.1 Ethical statement regarding animal experiments第40页
    2.2 Cells and viruses第40页
    2.3 Plasmid vectors and Escherichia coli (E. coli)第40页
    2.4 Enzymes and antibodies第40-41页
    2.5 Cell culture reagents第41页
        2.5.1 Glassware preparation and sterilization第41页
        2.5.2 Preparation of cleaning solution第41页
        2.5.3 Cell growth and maintenance medium第41页
        2.5.4 2X DMEM第41页
        2.5.5 Carboxymethyl cellulose (1.6-2%)第41页
    2.6 Virus genome extraction and transfection reagents第41-43页
        2.6.1 Citrate-buffered saline (p H 3.0)第41-42页
        2.6.2 1X phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) p H 7.4第42页
        2.6.3 Cell lysis buffer (p H 8.0)第42页
        2.6.4 EDTA 0.5M (p H 8.0)第42页
        2.6.5 1M Tris-HCl第42页
        2.6.6 15% glycerol DMEM第42-43页
        2.6.7 3M Sodium acetate solutions (Na Ac)第43页
        2.6.8 2X HBS buffer第43页
        2.6.9 2M Calcium chloride solution (Ca Cl2)第43页
        2.6.10 Crystal violet preparation for plaque assay第43页
        2.6.11 10% formaldehyde solution for fixation of plaque cells第43页
        2.6.12 2% L-arabinose solution第43页
    2.7 Escherichia coli growth and related reagents第43-45页
        2.7.1 Luria-bertani (LB) liquid medium第43-44页
        2.7.2 LB agar plates第44页
        2.7.3 60% glycerol solution (storage of bacterial culture)第44页
        2.7.4 0.8M IPTG (isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside)第44页
        2.7.5 PMSF (100m M)第44页
        2.7.6 Elution buffer第44页
        2.7.7 Coating buffer for ELISA第44-45页
    2.8 Antibiotic stocks第45页
        2.8.1 Ampicillin (50 μg/ml)第45页
        2.8.2 Kanamycin (30 μg/ml)第45页
        2.8.3 Chloramphenicol (34 μg/ml)第45页
    2.9 Plasmid extraction solutions (alkaline lysis method)第45-46页
    2.10 SDS PAGE reagents第46-47页
        2.10.1 1.5M Tris buffer p H 8.8 (for separating gels)第46页
        2.10.2 1.5M Tris buffer p H 6.8 (for stacking gels)第46页
        2.10.3 200m M DTT (dithiothreitol)第46页
        2.10.4 SDS loading dye (2X)第46页
        2.10.5 Acrylamide (30%)第46页
        2.10.6 20% sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer (SDS) (w/v)第46-47页
        2.10.7 10% Ammonium persulphate solution (APS) (w/v)第47页
        2.10.8 5X Tris-glycine running buffer第47页
        2.10.9 Fixing solution第47页
        2.10.10 Coomassie blue staining solution第47页
        2.10.11 De-staining solution第47页
    2.11 Western blotting buffers第47-48页
        2.11.1 1X Transfer membrane buffer (TMB)第47-48页
        2.11.2 1X Tris-buffered saline tween-20 (TBST)第48页
        2.11.3 10X Tris-EDTA buffer (TE) (p H 8.0)第48页
    2.12 50X TAE buffer for agarose gel electrophoresis第48页
    2.13 MDBK cell maintenance第48-49页
        2.13.1 MDBK cell harvesting第48页
        2.13.2 Cryopreservation of MDBK cells第48-49页
        2.13.3 Recovery of frozen MDBK cells第49页
    2.14 BAC construction using En passant mutagenesis第49页
    2.15 Construction of UL21 deletion mutant第49页
    2.16 PCR for kanamycin gene amplification第49-52页
        2.16.1 Agarose gel electrophoresis第51页
        2.16.2 Purification of PCR product from agarose gel第51-52页
    2.17 Preparation of electrocompetent GS1783 cells第52-54页
        2.17.1 Determination of DNA concentration using Nano Drop spectrophotometer第53-54页
    2.18 Electroporation and first red recombination第54-55页
        2.18.1 Screening of positive BAC clones第54页
        2.18.2 BAC DNA extraction第54-55页
    2.19 Second red recombination第55-57页
        2.19.1 Confirmation of kanamycin cassette deletion第56-57页
    2.20 Reversion of ΔUL21 recombinant virus第57-58页
    2.21 Construction of hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged recombinant viruses第58-59页
    2.22 Generation of recombinant viruses by calcium phosphate co-transfection第59-61页
        2.22.1 Propagation of transfected MDBK Cells第60页
        2.22.2 Plaque purification of virus第60-61页
    2.23 Confirmation of the recombinant viruses第61-64页
        2.23.1 Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)第61-62页
        2.23.2 RNA extraction using TRIzol reagent第62页
        2.23.3 Elimination of genomic DNA第62-63页
        2.23.4 Reverse-transcription reaction第63页
        2.23.5 RT-PCR第63-64页
    2.24 SDS-PAGE and Western blotting for expression of HA tag第64-68页
        2.24.1 Preparation of cell lysate using lysis buffer第64-65页
        2.24.2 Preparation of samples for gel loading第65页
        2.24.3 SDS-PAGE第65-67页
        2.24.4 Coomassie brilliant blue staining (CBB)第67页
        2.24.5 Western blot analysis第67-68页
    2.25 Growth curve analysis第68-70页
        2.25.1 Plaque assay第68-69页
        2.25.2 Viral titers calculation (PFU/ml)第69-70页
        2.25.3 Plaque size determination第70页
    2.26 Characterization of UL21 protein第70页
    2.27 Silver staining第70-71页
    2.28 Mass spectrometry第71-72页
    2.29 Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy第72-73页
    2.30 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)第73-74页
    2.31 Protein expression and production of polyclonal antisera第74-81页
        2.31.1 Plasmid extraction using TIANpure midi plasmid kit第74-75页
        2.31.2 Enzymatic digestion第75-76页
        2.31.3 Ligation第76页
        2.31.4 Transformation into DH5 alpha (α) cells第76-77页
        2.31.5 Transformation into BL21 cells第77页
        2.31.6 Protein expressions using IPTG induction第77-78页
        2.31.7 GST-tagged protein purification第78-79页
        2.31.8 Rabbit immunization and antisera development第79页
        2.31.9 Serology of antisera using ELISA第79-81页
    2.32 Identification of UL21-interacting proteins第81-82页
        2.32.1 Co-immunoprecipitation assay for UL21-HA from infected MDBK cells第81页
        2.32.2 Immunofluorescence assay第81-82页
    2.33 Statistical analysis第82-84页
3. RESULTS第84-106页
    3.1 Construction of mutants BAC and recombinant viruses第84-92页
        3.1.1 Construction of UL21 mutant viruses第86-87页
        3.1.2 Reversion of Bo HV-1-ΔUL21第87页
        3.1.3 Hemagglutinin (HA)-linked mutant viruses construction第87-89页
        3.1.4 Observation of GFP expression and purification of mutant viruses第89-90页
        3.1.5 Initial characterization of Bo HV-1 mutant viruses第90-92页
    3.2 Growth analysis of UL21 mutant viruses第92-93页
        3.2.1 Single step growth kinetics第92页
        3.2.2 Plaque morphology第92-93页
    3.3 Localization of Bo HV-1 UL21第93-95页
    3.4 Effect of the UL21 deletion on capsid egress第95-97页
        3.4.1 Using indirect immunofluorescence assay第95页
        3.4.2 Using TEM analysis第95-97页
    3.5 Effect of the UL21 deletion on secondary envelopment第97-99页
    3.6 Identification of the Bo HV-1 UL21-interacting protein UL16第99-106页
        3.6.1 Construction of protein expression vectors第101-102页
        3.6.2 GST protein purifications第102-103页
        3.6.3 Antibody titer of UL21/UL16 rabbit antiserum第103-104页
        3.6.4 Co-immunoprecipitation of UL16 and UL21 from infected cells第104页
        3.6.5 Immunofluorescence microscopy observations of complexes of UL21 with UL16第104-106页
4. DISCUSSION第106-109页
    4.1 Bo HV-1 UL21 is required for efficient virus growth第106-107页
    4.2 Bo HV-1 UL21 localized to cytoplasm as well as to the nucleus第107页
    4.3 Bo HV-1 UL21 is required for secondary envelopment of capsids第107-108页
    4.4 Bo HV-1 UL21 interacts with UL16第108-109页
5. CONCLUSION第109-110页
REFERENCES第110-122页
PAPERS PUBLISHED第122-123页
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT第123-125页

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