| List of symbols and abbreviations | 第12-13页 |
| Abstract | 第13-15页 |
| 摘要 | 第16-19页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第19-38页 |
| 1.1 Research importance | 第19-21页 |
| 1.1.1 Significance of rice | 第19页 |
| 1.1.2 Declining water resources and rice cultivation | 第19-20页 |
| 1.1.3 Nitrogen and rice cultivation | 第20-21页 |
| 1.2 Background | 第21-35页 |
| 1.2.1 Prominence of rice and food security | 第21-23页 |
| 1.2.2 Water availability and demand | 第23-27页 |
| 1.2.3 Use of fertilizer nitrogen for rice cultivation | 第27-30页 |
| 1.2.4 Matter to improve nue in rice cultivation | 第30-33页 |
| 1.2.5 Environmental consequences in paddy soil | 第33-35页 |
| 1.3 Research objectives | 第35-38页 |
| Chapter 2 Growth and yield of lowland rice in response to water-saving irrigation and nitrogen management strategies in field | 第38-61页 |
| 2.1 Objective | 第38页 |
| 2.2 Materials and methods | 第38-46页 |
| 2.2.1 Location of the experimental site | 第38-41页 |
| 2.2.2 Experimental design and treatments | 第41-44页 |
| 2.2.3 Data collection and analysis | 第44-46页 |
| 2.3 Effect of water saving irrigation on crop growth characters at successive stages across two years | 第46-52页 |
| 2.3.1 Plant height | 第46页 |
| 2.3.2 Number of tillers~(-1) | 第46-49页 |
| 2.3.3 Leaf area index (LAI) | 第49页 |
| 2.3.4 Plant dry biomass | 第49-52页 |
| 2.4 Response of yield and yield attributes to water saving irrigation under different nitrogen levels | 第52-55页 |
| 2.4.1 Yield components | 第52页 |
| 2.4.2 Grain yield | 第52-55页 |
| 2.5 Discussion | 第55-59页 |
| 2.6 Conclusion | 第59-61页 |
| Chapter 3 Water productivity and nitrogen economy of lowland rice under water-saving irrigation in field | 第61-75页 |
| 3.1 Objective | 第61页 |
| 3.2 Materials and methods | 第61-64页 |
| 3.2.1 Water use studies | 第61-63页 |
| 3.2.2 Plant nitrogen estimation | 第63页 |
| 3.2.3 Statistical analysis | 第63-64页 |
| 3.3 Water-saving irrigation effects on water use and productivity | 第64-68页 |
| 3.3.1 Rainfall during crop growth season | 第64页 |
| 3.3.2 To have an impact of tsmdi on irrigation water saving | 第64页 |
| 3.3.3 Field irrigation water utilization coefficient during rice growth periods | 第64-65页 |
| 3.3.4 Water saving irrigation effects on water productivity | 第65-68页 |
| 3.4 Water saving irrigation effects on nitrogen utilization | 第68-71页 |
| 3.4.1 Nitrogen uptake at different growth stages | 第68-69页 |
| 3.4.2 Improvement in nitrogen use efficiency under water-saving irrigation | 第69-71页 |
| 3.5 Discussion | 第71-74页 |
| 3.6 Conclusion | 第74-75页 |
| Chapter 4 Improving water productivity, root proliferation and rice grain yield under water-saving irrigation in greenhouse | 第75-86页 |
| 4.1 Objective | 第75页 |
| 4.2 Materials and methods | 第75-79页 |
| 4.2.1 Experimental conditions | 第75-76页 |
| 4.2.2 Soil columns construction | 第76-77页 |
| 4.2.3 Experimental design and treatments | 第77-78页 |
| 4.2.4 Sampling and analysis | 第78-79页 |
| 4.3 Effect of “thin-shallow-moist-dry irrigation” on water use | 第79-80页 |
| 4.3.1 Irrigation volume | 第79页 |
| 4.3.2 Water productivity with various irrigation and n fertilizer treatments | 第79-80页 |
| 4.4 Dry biomass at successive rice growth stages | 第80-81页 |
| 4.4.1 Root growth in response to water saving irrigation | 第80页 |
| 4.4.2 Straw and leaf yield | 第80-81页 |
| 4.5 Grain yield | 第81-83页 |
| 4.6 Discussion | 第83-85页 |
| 4.7 Conclusion | 第85-86页 |
| Chapter 5 Study on the absorption and utilization of nitrogen by rice and the nitrogen balance of paddy-soil under water-saving irrigation using ~(15)N tracer technique in greenhouse | 第86-108页 |
| 5.1 Objective | 第86页 |
| 5.2 Materials and methods | 第86-87页 |
| 5.2.1 Sampling and analysis | 第86-87页 |
| 5.3 Water saving irrigation effects on nitrogen use | 第87-96页 |
| 5.3.1 Nitrogen concentration in different plant parts | 第87-90页 |
| 5.3.2 Plant nitrogen uptake scenario under water-saving irrigation | 第90-92页 |
| 5.3.3 Nitrogen derived from fertilizer in different parts of plant at successive growth stages | 第92-95页 |
| 5.3.4 Increase in nitrogen use efficiency under water-saving irrigation | 第95-96页 |
| 5.4 Nitrogen leaching under different irrigations and fertilizer use scenario | 第96-102页 |
| 5.4.1 Water percolation | 第96-97页 |
| 5.4.2 Nitrogen concentration in percolated water | 第97-100页 |
| 5.4.3 Nitrogen leaching per column | 第100-102页 |
| 5.5 Fertilizer nitrogen balance influenced by water-saving irrigation practice | 第102-104页 |
| 5.6 Discussion | 第104-106页 |
| 5.7 Conclusion | 第106-108页 |
| Chapter 6 General conclusion | 第108-114页 |
| 6.1 Improvement of field irrigation water utilization coefficient and water productivity by TSMDI | 第108-109页 |
| 6.2 Effects of irrigation treatment on crop growth and grain yield | 第109-110页 |
| 6.3 The absorption and utilization of fertilizer-N by rice under water-saving irrigation | 第110页 |
| 6.4 The reduce leaching loss of nitrogen from paddy-soil under water-saving irrigation | 第110-111页 |
| 6.5 The fertilizer nitrogen balance of paddy-soil under water-saving irrigation | 第111页 |
| 6.6 Novelty points | 第111-112页 |
| 6.7 Current issues and future directions | 第112-114页 |
| Publications arising from this dissertation | 第114-115页 |
| References | 第115-132页 |
| Acknowledegement | 第132-133页 |
