| Abstract | 第10-12页 |
| List of Abbreviations | 第13-15页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction and Research Background | 第15-37页 |
| 1.1 Rationale and working hypotheses | 第18-21页 |
| 1.1.1 Objectives of the study | 第19-20页 |
| 1.1.2 Research pathway or routines | 第20-21页 |
| 1.2 The issue of salt stressed soil and soil salinization | 第21-30页 |
| 1.2.1 Soil salinity and salt affected Soil | 第21页 |
| 1.2.2 Salinity types and characterization | 第21-22页 |
| 1.2.3 Saline soil | 第22-24页 |
| 1.2.4 Sodic Soil | 第24-25页 |
| 1.2.5 Saline Sodic soil | 第25-26页 |
| 1.2.6 Major causes and current features of soil salinity | 第26-28页 |
| 1.2.7 Adaptive measurement and mechanisms of salinity stress | 第28-30页 |
| 1.3 Soil salinity effects on plant growth and health | 第30-37页 |
| 1.3.1 Soil salinity and seed germination | 第30-31页 |
| 1.3.2 Salinity stress and plant growth | 第31-32页 |
| 1.3.3 Photosynthetic activity under salt-stress | 第32-33页 |
| 1.3.4 Relationship between Salt stress and warer | 第33-34页 |
| 1.3.5 Salinity and plant nutrition | 第34-35页 |
| 1.3.6 Salinity and crop yield | 第35页 |
| 1.3.7 Technologies available for alleviating or desalting soil | 第35-37页 |
| Chapter 2 Effects of biochar-based amendment on reduction of soil salinity,nutrient improvement and wheatgrain yield | 第37-51页 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 第38-39页 |
| 2.2 Materials and methods | 第39-43页 |
| 2.2.1 Experiment site and Soil | 第39-40页 |
| 2.2.2 Biochar and pyroligneous solution used | 第40-41页 |
| 2.2.3 Biochar poultry manure compost(BPC) | 第41页 |
| 2.2.4 Experiment design | 第41-42页 |
| 2.2.5 Soil sampling and analysis | 第42-43页 |
| 2.2.6 Wheat yield measurement | 第43页 |
| 2.2.7 Statistical analysis | 第43页 |
| 2.3 Results | 第43-48页 |
| 2.3.1 Soil physical and chemical property | 第43-44页 |
| 2.3.2 Soil Nutrient status | 第44-46页 |
| 2.3.3 Wheat grain yield | 第46-48页 |
| 2.4 Discussions | 第48-50页 |
| 2.4.1 Mutual effects of BPC-PS on soil salinity | 第48页 |
| 2.4.2 Effect of BPC-PS on soil nutrient supply and yield | 第48-50页 |
| 2.5 Conclusions | 第50-51页 |
| Chapter 3 Effects of biochar-based amendment on maize growth and bio-molecules activity | 第51-73页 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 第52-54页 |
| 3.2 Materials and methods | 第54-59页 |
| 3.2.1 Experimental site climate and Soil | 第54页 |
| 3.2.2 Maize cultivation and fertilization | 第54页 |
| 3.2.3 Soil sampling and analysis | 第54-55页 |
| 3.2.4 Field observations and plant sampling | 第55页 |
| 3.2.5 Determination of plant relative water content and electrolytes leakage | 第55-56页 |
| 3.2.6 Leaf chlorophyll content | 第56-57页 |
| 3.2.7 Determination of proline and lipid peroxidation(MDA) | 第57-58页 |
| 3.2.8 Soluble sugar,amino acids and ascorbic acids | 第58页 |
| 3.2.9 Ion content in leaf sap of maize | 第58页 |
| 3.2.10 Scanning electron microscopy of biochar particles | 第58-59页 |
| 3.2.11 Statistical analysis | 第59页 |
| 3.3 Results | 第59-69页 |
| 3.3.1 Soil salinity and plant salt concentration with BPC-PS amendment | 第59-62页 |
| 3.3.2 Improvement in plant growth | 第62页 |
| 3.3.3 Plant nutrition and leaf bioactivity | 第62-65页 |
| 3.3.4 Reaction of the biochar after added to soil | 第65-69页 |
| 3.4 Discussion | 第69-72页 |
| 3.4.1 Effect of the BPC-PS treatment on plant growth and soil properties | 第69-70页 |
| 3.4.2 Effect of BPC-PS amendment on maize bioactivity and proline osmolyte | 第70-71页 |
| 3.4.3 Salt absorption in biochar particles | 第71-72页 |
| 3.5 Conclusions | 第72-73页 |
| Chapter 4 Effects of biochat-based amendment on nutrient uptake,biomass yield and crop quality | 第73-89页 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 第74-76页 |
| 4.2 Materials and methods | 第76-78页 |
| 4.2.1 Experiment site climate and soil | 第76页 |
| 4.2.2 Plant sampling and analysis | 第76页 |
| 4.2.3 Protein content of maize grain | 第76-77页 |
| 4.2.4 Grain yield and nutrient uptake | 第77页 |
| 4.2.5 Disease infection and morphological characters | 第77页 |
| 4.2.6 Statistical analysis | 第77-78页 |
| 4.3 Results | 第78-84页 |
| 4.3.1 Biomass production and grain protein content of maize crop | 第78页 |
| 4.3.2 Nutrient uptake and translocation | 第78-79页 |
| 4.3.3 Disease infection and grain merphological conditions | 第79-84页 |
| 4.4 Discussion | 第84-87页 |
| 4.4.1 Effects of amendment on crop growth and nutrient uptake | 第84-86页 |
| 4.4.2 Effect of amendments on crop quality and grain yield | 第86-87页 |
| 4.5 Conclusions | 第87-89页 |
| Chapter 5 Effects of biochar-based amendment on soil microbial community structure and enzymes activity | 第89-113页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第90-92页 |
| 5.2 Materials and methods | 第92-97页 |
| 5.2.1 Experimental site climate and soil | 第92页 |
| 5.2.2 Soil sampling and analysis | 第92页 |
| 5.2.3 Determination of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen | 第92-93页 |
| 5.2.4 Soil enzymes activity measurement | 第93页 |
| 5.2.5 DNA extraction and real-time quantitative PCR | 第93-94页 |
| 5.2.6 Bacterial and fungal community analysis using DGGE | 第94-95页 |
| 5.2.7 Phylogenetic analysis and gene sequencing | 第95页 |
| 5.2.8 DGGE profile analysis | 第95-96页 |
| 5.2.9 Statistical analysis | 第96-97页 |
| 5.3 Results | 第97-102页 |
| 5.3.1 Soil Cmic,Nmic,and soil enzyme activity | 第97页 |
| 5.3.2 Bacterial and fungal gene abundance and community structure | 第97-99页 |
| 5.3.3 Phylogenetic analysis | 第99-102页 |
| 5.4 Discussion | 第102-112页 |
| 5.4.1 Microbial biomass and diversity changes in BPC-PS treated salt soil | 第102-109页 |
| 5.4.2 Changes in soil enzyme activity with BPC-PS | 第109-110页 |
| 5.4.3 Soil microbial community structure | 第110-111页 |
| 5.4.4 Year changes | 第111-112页 |
| 5.5 Conclusions | 第112-113页 |
| Chapter 6 Findings,gaps and future perspective of the study | 第113-117页 |
| 6.1 Major finding of the study | 第113-114页 |
| 6.2 Gaps of the study | 第114-115页 |
| 6.3 Future perspective | 第115-117页 |
| References | 第117-141页 |
| List of Publications | 第141-143页 |
| Project funding | 第143-145页 |
| Picture gallery | 第145-151页 |
| Acknowledgement | 第151页 |
