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Potential of Sorghum Almum, Commelina spp and Vicia spp for Use as Ruminant Forage on Smallholder Farms in Kenya

Abstract第6-8页
摘要第9-23页
Chapter 1 Introduction第23-45页
    1. Introduction第24-45页
        1.1 Kenya: A general overview第24页
        1.2 Agricultural sector第24-25页
        1.3 Livestock sub-sector第25-26页
        1.4 Smallholder dairying第26-27页
        1.5 Low feed quality as a major dairy production constraints第27-29页
        1.6 Quality improvement options第29-30页
        1.7 Forage production and utilization on smallholder farms第30-32页
        1.8 Way forward第32-34页
        1.9 Objectives第34-35页
            1.9.1 Overall objectives第34页
            1.9.2 Specific objectives第34-35页
        1.10 Hypothesis第35页
        1.11 Thesis outline第35-38页
        1.12 References第38-45页
Chapter 2 Literature review第45-63页
    2. Forage research in Kenya第46-63页
        2.1 Columbus grass (Sorghum almum)第51-53页
        2.2 Commelinaceae (Commelina spp)第53-56页
        2.3 Vetch (Vicia spp)第56-59页
        2.4 References第59-63页
Chapter 3 Description of the main experimental site (Naivasha/Kenya)第63-68页
    3. Experimental site (Naivasha/Kenya)第64-68页
        3.1 References第66-68页
Chapter 4 Effect of age at harvest and manure or fertilizer application on yield and quality of Columbus grass (Sorghum almum)第68-105页
    4.1 Abstract第68-69页
    4.2 Introduction第69-71页
    4.3 Materials and Methods第71-74页
    4.4 Results第74-92页
        4.4.1 Yield第74-85页
        4.4.2 Height, minerals, TEP and amino acids第85-92页
    4.5 Discussion第92-100页
        4.5.1 Yield第92-94页
        4.5.2 Chemical composition and energy content第94-95页
        4.5.3 Height第95-97页
        4.5.4 Mineral profile第97-98页
        4.5.5 Total extractable phenolics第98-99页
        4.5.6 Amino acids’(AA) profile第99-100页
    4.6 Conclusions第100-101页
    4.7 References第101-105页
Chapter 5 Influence of manure or fertilizer application on yield and quality of Commelina benghalensis (Giant var.) harvested at different maturity stage第105-132页
    5. Abstract第106-132页
        5.1 Introduction第107-108页
        5.2 Materials and Methods第108-109页
        5.3 Results第109-124页
            5.3.1 Yield and chemical composition第109-119页
            5.3.2 Minerals, total extractable phenolics and amino acids第119-124页
        5.4 Discussions第124-128页
            5.4.1 Yield and chemical composition第124-126页
            5.4.2 Mineral profile第126-127页
            5.4.3 Total phenols and amino acids第127-128页
        5.5 Conclusions第128-129页
        5.6 References第129-132页
Chapter 6 Effect of age at harvest on yield and quality of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) growth under different soil nitrogen regimes第132-159页
    6. Abstract第133-159页
        6.1 Introduction第134-136页
        6.2 Materials and Methods第136页
        6.3 Results第136-150页
            6.3.1 Yield and chemical composition第136-146页
            6.3.2 Minerals, total extractable phenolics and amino acids第146-150页
        6.4 Discussions第150-155页
            6.4.1 Yield and quality第150-152页
            6.4.2 Mineral profile第152-153页
            6.4.3 Total extractable phenolics第153-154页
            6.4.4 Amino acids (AA)第154-155页
        6.5 Conclusions第155-156页
        6.6 References第156-159页
Chapter 7 Influence of age at harvest on in sacco degradation characteristics of Sorghum almum, Vicia sativa and Vicia villosa and growth of rumen microbes第159-197页
    7. Abstract第160-197页
        7.1 Introduction第161-162页
        7.2 Materials and Methods第162-170页
            7.2.1 Animals and diets第162-164页
            7.2.2 Chemical analysis第164-165页
            7.2.3 Rumen incubation第165-166页
            7.2.4 In vitro microbial culture and PCR –SSCP第166-169页
                7.2.4.1 Animals, diets and rumen liquor第166页
                7.2.4.2 Test forages and chemical analyses第166-167页
                7.2.4.3 Incubation medium第167页
                7.2.4.4 Treatment diets, culture and microbes第167-168页
                7.2.4.5 PCR –SSCP第168-169页
            7.2.5 Statistics第169-170页
        7.3 Results第170-188页
            7.3.1 Insacco degradability第170-184页
                7.3.1.1 Columbus grass (Sorghum almum)第170-174页
                7.3.1.2 Commelina benghlensis第174-177页
                7.3.1.3 Vicia villosa Roth第177-180页
                7.3.1.4 Commelina diffusa L第180-182页
                7.3.1.5 Vicia sativa L第182-184页
            7.3.2 Microbial growth第184-188页
        7.4 Discussions第188-192页
            7.4.1 Sorghum almum, C. benghalensis and V. villosa第188-191页
            7.4.2 Commelina diffusa L第191页
            7.4.3 Vicia sativa L第191-192页
        7.5 Conclusions第192-193页
        7.6 References第193-197页
Chapter 8 Effect of maturity or fertilizer application on fermentation characteristics and energy content of S. almum, C. benghalensis and V. villosa第197-214页
    8. Abstract第198-214页
        8.1 Introduction第199-200页
        8.2 Materials and Methods第200-202页
        8.3 Results第202-209页
        8.4 Discussions第209-211页
        8.5 Conclusions第211页
        8.6 References第211-214页
Chapter 9 Effect of incremental levels of C. benghalensis or V. villosa on intake,digestibility and nitrogen balance in sheep fed S. almum as a basal diet第214-235页
    9. Abstract第215-235页
        9.1 Introduction第216-218页
        9.2 Materials and Methods第218-221页
            9.2.1 Experimental feeds第218页
            9.2.2 Intake, in vivo digestibility and N intake第218-219页
            9.2.3 Laboratory analysis第219-220页
            9.2.4 Statistical analysis calculations第220-221页
        9.3 Results第221-227页
            9.3.1 Chemical composition第221-222页
            9.3.2 Digestibility (Part 1): C. benghalenssis based diets第222-225页
            9.3.3 Digestibility (Part 2): Vicia villosa Roth based diets第225-227页
        9.4 Discussions第227-230页
        9.5 Conclusions第230-231页
        9.6 References第231-235页
Chapter 10 Effect of Commelina benghalensis and Vicia villosa used as protein supplements on intake and weight gain of young wethers fed Sorghum almum第235-255页
    10. Abstract第236-255页
        10.1 Introduction第237-239页
        10.2 Materials and Methods第239-241页
        10.3 Results第241-249页
        10.4 Discussions第249-251页
        10.5 Conclusions第251-252页
        10.6 References第252-255页
Chapter 11 General discussions第255-274页
    11. General discussions第256-274页
        11.1 Introduction第256-257页
        11.2 Columbus grass (Sorghum almum)第257-260页
        11.3 Commelina benghalensis and Commelina diffusa L第260-263页
        11.4 Vicia villosa Roth and Vicia sativa L第263-265页
        11.5 C. benghalensis and V. villosa as protein supplements第265-266页
        11.6 Increased level of C. benghalensis and V. villosa in S. almum based diets第266-268页
        11.7 Conclusions and Implications第268-269页
        11.8 Areas for further research第269页
        11.9 References第269-274页

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