| Acknowledgements | 第1-6页 |
| Abstract | 第6-8页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第8-11页 |
| ·Background of the study | 第8-9页 |
| ·Significance of the study | 第9-10页 |
| ·An overview of the thesis | 第10-11页 |
| Chapter 2 Literature Review | 第11-24页 |
| ·The term "washback" | 第11-12页 |
| ·The scope of the washback | 第12-13页 |
| ·The high-stakes and low-stakes tests' | 第13-14页 |
| ·Positive and negative washback | 第14-16页 |
| ·An investigation into the TEM washback by Prof.Zou Shen | 第16-17页 |
| ·The test constructors' intentions and their measures to ensure the positive washback | 第17-22页 |
| ·The test constructors' intentions | 第17-18页 |
| ·The first measure:efforts to minimize the possible negative effect | 第18-19页 |
| ·The second measure:the integrative approach to maximize test efficiency | 第19-20页 |
| ·The third measure:direct test formats to ensure positive washback | 第20-21页 |
| ·The fourth measure:the communicative nature of some test tasks | 第21-22页 |
| ·The development of the TEM test structure | 第22-24页 |
| Chapter 3 The Present Study | 第24-28页 |
| ·The research questions | 第24-25页 |
| ·The research methods | 第25-27页 |
| ·The subjects in the study | 第27-28页 |
| Chapter 4 Major Findings of the Investigation | 第28-45页 |
| ·The effects of TEM on teachers | 第28-30页 |
| ·The effects of the TEM4 on students | 第30-32页 |
| ·The effects of the TEM8 on students | 第32-33页 |
| ·Implications to teaching from the questionnaire findings | 第33-39页 |
| ·Findings from interviews and classroom observation | 第39-42页 |
| ·A comparison of the investigation results between the present study and those of Prof.Zou | 第42-45页 |
| Chapter 5 Conclusion | 第45-51页 |
| ·Discussion of the research findings | 第45-46页 |
| ·The limitations of the investigation | 第46-48页 |
| ·Suggestions for the future development of the tests | 第48-51页 |
| Bibliography | 第51-53页 |
| Appendices | 第53-74页 |
| Appendix 1 A comparison of the two TEM4 testing syllabuses | 第53-54页 |
| Appendix 2 A comparison of the two TEM8 testing syllabuses | 第54-55页 |
| Appendix 3 The questionnaire to teachers on the TEM washback | 第55-57页 |
| Appendix 4 Summary of teachers' response to some questions | 第57-58页 |
| Appendix 5 The questionnaire for the TEM4 test takers | 第58-61页 |
| Appendix 6 A summary of the students' response to the multiple-choice questions on the TEM4 washback | 第61-62页 |
| Appendix 7 A summary of the students' response to the multiple-choice questions on the factors affecting their performance in the TEM4 components | 第62-64页 |
| Appendix 8 The questionnaire for the TEM8 test takers | 第64-66页 |
| Appendix 9 A summary of the students' response to the multiple-choice questions on the TEM8 washback | 第66-67页 |
| Appendix 10 Summary of the students' response to the questions on the areas of difficulty and the factors affecting their performance in the TEM8 component | 第67-68页 |
| Appendix 11 The Chinese version of the questionnaire to teachers on the TEM washback | 第68-70页 |
| Appendix 12 The Chinese version of the questionnaire for the TEM4 test takers | 第70-73页 |
| Appendix 13 The Chinese version of the questionnaire for the TEM8 test takers | 第73-74页 |
