| 摘要 | 第9-13页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第13-17页 |
| CHAPTER I GLOBAL WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY | 第30-52页 |
| 1.1 General introduction | 第30-32页 |
| 1.2 Shortages of water quality and quantity in developing countries | 第32-33页 |
| 1.3 Scientific background | 第33-43页 |
| 1.3.1 Factors governing quantity of water in global rivers | 第34-35页 |
| 1.3.2 Factors governing quality of water in global rivers | 第35-43页 |
| 1.4 Water quality and quantity in Pangani River Basin | 第43-46页 |
| 1.5 Knowledge gap | 第46-48页 |
| 1.6 Objectives | 第48-49页 |
| 1.7 Structure of the thesis | 第49-52页 |
| CHAPTER II MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第52-70页 |
| 2.1 Study area | 第52-59页 |
| 2.1.1 Climatic condition of the basin | 第53-56页 |
| 2.1.2 Geology of the basin | 第56-59页 |
| 2.1.3 Soils composition in Pangani River Basin | 第59页 |
| 2.2 Sampling and analysis | 第59-69页 |
| 2.2.1 Water sampling and analysis of stable water isotopes of δ~(18)O and δ~2H | 第62-64页 |
| 2.2.2 Water sampling and analysis of major ions and strontium isotopes | 第64-65页 |
| 2.2.3 Water sampling and analysis of nutrients (N,P,S) | 第65-66页 |
| 2.2.4 Water sampling and analysis of suspended matter, dissolved and particulate organic carbon | 第66页 |
| 2.2.5 Water sampling and analysis of metal elements | 第66-69页 |
| 2.2.6 Analysis of sediment size and magnetic properties | 第69页 |
| 2.3 Statistical analysis | 第69-70页 |
| CHAPTER III HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AND GOVERNING FACTORS IN PANGANIRIVER BASIN | 第70-96页 |
| 3.1 General introduction | 第70-72页 |
| 3.1.1 Objectives | 第71-72页 |
| 3.2 Sampling and analysis | 第72-77页 |
| 3.2.1 Hydrograph separation in upper PRB | 第72-75页 |
| 3.2.2 Uncertainty of the method | 第75-77页 |
| 3.3 Results | 第77-90页 |
| 3.3.1 Historical trend of rainfall and temperature in PRB | 第77-80页 |
| 3.3.2 Discharges in PRB | 第80-83页 |
| 3.3.3 Spatial and seasonal distributions of δ18O and δ2H in the Pangani River Basin | 第83-88页 |
| 3.3.4 Hydrograph separation and uncertainty of the method | 第88-90页 |
| 3.4 Discussion | 第90-94页 |
| 3.4.1 Hydrological cycle in PRB | 第90-91页 |
| 3.4.2 Factors influencing hydrological cycle in PRB | 第91-93页 |
| 3.4.3 Sources of water in rivers and uncertainty in upper Pangani River Basin | 第93-94页 |
| 3.5 Summary and conclusion | 第94-96页 |
| CHAPTER IV SEASONAL WATER CHEMISTRY AND STRONTIUM ISOTOPESVARIABILITY IN PANGANI RIVER BASIN | 第96-124页 |
| 4.1 General introduction | 第96-97页 |
| 4.1.1 Objectives | 第97页 |
| 4.2 Material and Methods | 第97页 |
| 4.2.1 Sampling and analysis | 第97页 |
| 4.3 Results | 第97-111页 |
| 4.3.1 Spatial and seasonal variability of major ions | 第97-106页 |
| 4.3.2 Spatial and seasonal variation of physico-chemical characteristic of water | 第106-109页 |
| 4.3.3 Spatial distributions of strontium, rubidium and strontium isotopes | 第109-111页 |
| 4.4 Discussion | 第111-121页 |
| 4.4.1 Factors which control chemistry of water in PRB | 第111-113页 |
| 4.4.2 Sources of major ions in PRB | 第113-119页 |
| 4.4.3 Comparison of PRB with other tropical rivers | 第119-121页 |
| 4.5 Summary and conclusion | 第121-124页 |
| CHAPTER V SOURCES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING SEASONAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS (N, P, SI) IN PRB | 第124-145页 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 第124-125页 |
| 5.1.1 Objectives of this chapter | 第125页 |
| 5.2 Material and methods | 第125-126页 |
| 5.2.1 Sampling and analytical methods | 第125-126页 |
| 5.3 Results | 第126-137页 |
| 5.3.1 Spatial and seasonal distribution of nutrients | 第126-137页 |
| 5.4 Discussion | 第137-143页 |
| 5.4.1 Factors influencing spatial and seasonal distribution of nutrients in PRB | 第137-140页 |
| 5.4.2 Comparison of nutrients in PRB with other rivers | 第140-143页 |
| 5.5 Summary and conclusion | 第143-145页 |
| CHAPTER VI FACTORS INFLUENCING DISTRIBUTION OF DISSOLVED AND PARTICULATE METALS IN PANGANI RIVER BASIN (PRB): IMPLICATION ON WATER QUALITY FOR HUMAN AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM HEALTH | 第145-168页 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 第145-147页 |
| 6.1.1 Objective of the chapter | 第146-147页 |
| 6.2 Material and methods | 第147页 |
| 6.2.1 Sampling and analysis of metals | 第147页 |
| 6.3 Results | 第147-161页 |
| 6.3.1 Spatial distributions of metals (Pb, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) | 第147-159页 |
| 6.3.2 Factor analysis | 第159-160页 |
| 6.3.3 Particle size distribution | 第160-161页 |
| 6.4 Discussion | 第161-166页 |
| 6.4.1 Factors influencing distribution of metal in PRB | 第161-164页 |
| 6.4.2 Biogeochemical processes influencing concentration of trace elements in PRB | 第164-166页 |
| 6.5 Summary and conclusion | 第166-168页 |
| CHAPTER VII SPATIAL AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC CARBON IN PANGANI RIVER BASIN: IMPLICATION OF WATER QUALITY FORHUMAN AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM HEALTHY | 第168-189页 |
| 7.1 Introduction | 第168-170页 |
| 7.1.1 Objectives | 第169-170页 |
| 7.2 Material and methods | 第170页 |
| 7.2.1 Sampling and analytical methods | 第170页 |
| 7.3 Results | 第170-178页 |
| 7.3.1 Spatial and seasonal distribution of organic carbon and TSM | 第170-174页 |
| 7.3.2 Flux of organic carbon and TSM | 第174-178页 |
| 7.4 Discussion | 第178-188页 |
| 7.4.1 Factors influencing distribution of organic carbon and suspended matter | 第178-183页 |
| 7.4.2 Sources of organic carbon in PRB | 第183-185页 |
| 7.4.3 Comparison of organic carbon in PRB with other rivers | 第185-188页 |
| 7.5 Summary and conclusion | 第188-189页 |
| CHAPTER VIII GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS | 第189-212页 |
| 8.1 Introduction | 第189页 |
| 8.2 Hydrological cycle in PRB | 第189-191页 |
| 8.2.1 Sources of water in PRB | 第189-190页 |
| 8.2.2 Prediction of future climate and discharge | 第190-191页 |
| 8.3. Water quality and factors influencing quality of water in PRB | 第191-196页 |
| 8.4 Water quality for human and aquatic ecosystem | 第196-200页 |
| 8.5 Synthesis | 第200-207页 |
| 8.6 Conclusions and recommendations | 第207-210页 |
| 8.7 Importance of the study | 第210-212页 |
| REFERENCES | 第212-255页 |
| APPENDIX | 第255-261页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第261-262页 |
