| 中文摘要 | 第3-5页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第5-6页 |
| Chapter One Introduction | 第9-13页 |
| 1.1 Background of the Research | 第9-11页 |
| 1.2 Purpose of the Research | 第11页 |
| 1.3 Significance of the Research | 第11-12页 |
| 1.4 Research Questions | 第12-13页 |
| Chapter Two Literature Review | 第13-37页 |
| 2.1 An Introduction to the Reform of English | 第13-15页 |
| 2.1.1 Background of the Reform of English | 第13-14页 |
| 2.1.2 Reasons of the Reform of English | 第14页 |
| 2.1.3 Requirements of the Reform of English | 第14-15页 |
| 2.1.4 Consequences of the Reform of English | 第15页 |
| 2.2 An Introduction to Backwash | 第15-37页 |
| 2.2.1 The Definitions of Backwash | 第15-17页 |
| 2.2.2 The Function and Mechanism of Backwash | 第17-21页 |
| 2.2.3 The Classifications of Backwash | 第21-25页 |
| 2.2.4 The Proposals of Enhancing the Beneficial Backwash | 第25-28页 |
| 2.2.5 The Empirical Studies on Backwash | 第28-35页 |
| 2.2.6 Summary | 第35-37页 |
| Chapter Three Methodology | 第37-44页 |
| 3.1 Research Questions | 第37页 |
| 3.2 Subjects | 第37-39页 |
| 3.2.1 English Teachers | 第38页 |
| 3.2.2 Students | 第38-39页 |
| 3.3 Instruments | 第39-42页 |
| 3.3.1 Interview | 第39-40页 |
| 3.3.2 Questionnaires | 第40-41页 |
| 3.3.3 Samples of the question types in the National English Papers(2012-2014) | 第41-42页 |
| 3.4 Procedures | 第42-44页 |
| Chapter Four Results and Discussion | 第44-63页 |
| 4.1 The Current Situation of English Teaching and Learning in Senior HighSchool | 第44-58页 |
| 4.1.1 The Results of the Interview | 第44-46页 |
| 4.1.2 The Results of the Questionnaires | 第46-54页 |
| 4.1.3 The Analysis of the Current Situation of the Design of test itemson the English Paper in the NCEE | 第54-58页 |
| 4.2 The Opinions of Teachers and Students on the Reformed English | 第58-59页 |
| 4.3 The Positive and Negative Backwash Effects | 第59-61页 |
| 4.3.1 The Positive Backwash Effect | 第59-60页 |
| 4.3.2 The Negative Backwash Effect | 第60-61页 |
| 4.4 Some Suggestions on Promoting the Positive Backwash Effect andAvoiding the Negative One | 第61-63页 |
| 4.4.1 Suggestions for English Teachers in Senior High School | 第61-62页 |
| 4.4.2 Suggestions for Students | 第62-63页 |
| Chapter Five Conclusion | 第63-65页 |
| 5.1 Summary of the Major Findings | 第63页 |
| 5.2 Limitations of the Research | 第63-65页 |
| Bibliography | 第65-68页 |
| Appendix I Questionnaire for senior high school teachers | 第68-70页 |
| Appendix II Questionnaire for senior high school students | 第70-72页 |
| Acknowlegments | 第72页 |
