| ABSTRACT | 第2-3页 |
| 摘要 | 第4-11页 |
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | 第11-12页 |
| 1 INTRODUCTION | 第12-35页 |
| 1.1 THE BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH | 第12-15页 |
| 1.2 AIMS AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY | 第15-18页 |
| 1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW | 第18-24页 |
| 1.3.1 Alliances and International Trade | 第18-21页 |
| 1.3.2 Preferential Trade Arrangements and International Trade | 第21-24页 |
| 1.4 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM | 第24-26页 |
| 1.5 RESEARCH PROPOSITIONS AND HYPOTHESES | 第26-28页 |
| 1.6 RESEARCH DESIGN | 第28-29页 |
| 1.7 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION | 第29-31页 |
| 1.8 MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS | 第31-35页 |
| 1.8.1 Major Contributions of the Research | 第31-34页 |
| 1.8.2 Limitations of the Research | 第34-35页 |
| 2 THEORIES AND METHODOLOGY | 第35-69页 |
| 2.1 THEORETICAL BASE OF ALLIANCE AND TRADE | 第35-40页 |
| 2.2 STRUCTURAL MECHANISM OF ALLIANCE CONNEXION WITH TRADE | 第40-43页 |
| 2.3 METHODOLOGICAL NOTES-GRAVITY MODEL | 第43-69页 |
| 2.3.1 Theoretical Foundation to Structural Gravity | 第46-48页 |
| 2.3.2 Augmenting the Gravity Model | 第48-53页 |
| 2.3.3 Description of Selected Variables | 第53-54页 |
| 2.3.4 Scope and Sources of Data | 第54-55页 |
| 2.3.5 Trade Costs and Interacted Variables | 第55-61页 |
| 2.3.6 Estimation Method | 第61-65页 |
| 2.3.7 Difference in Impact Approach | 第65-69页 |
| 3 ALLIANCE AND TRADE FLOWS IN ECOWAS(1981-2015) | 第69-95页 |
| 3.1 ECOWAS:A REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND ALLIANCE | 第70-73页 |
| 3.2 FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS TOWARDS ECOWAS REGIONALDEVELOPMENT | 第73-75页 |
| 3.3 TRADE PERFORMANCE AND PATTERN IN ECOWAS | 第75-80页 |
| 3.3.1 ECOWAS Trade Performance | 第75-78页 |
| 3.3.2 Trade within the ECOWAS Sub-Region | 第78-80页 |
| 3.4 THE CAUSES AND TREND OF INTRA-ECOWAS TRADE | 第80-88页 |
| 3.4.1 World Trade with M-7 as Unofficial Super Alliances | 第82-84页 |
| 3.4.2 The M-7 and ECOWAS Trade | 第84-87页 |
| 3.4.3 Review of ECOWAS Trade with Alliances | 第87-88页 |
| 3.5 TRADE VIS-A-VIS INTERSTATE CONFLICTS IN WEST AFRICA | 第88-92页 |
| 3.6 SUMMARY | 第92-95页 |
| 4 THE IMPLICATIONS OF ALLIANCES IN DEVELOPMENT OFTRADE | 第95-122页 |
| 4.1 ANALYSES AND RESULTS | 第96-111页 |
| 4.1.1 Alliances and Trade: The Perceived ECOWAS Difference | 第97-102页 |
| 4.1.2 Preferential Trade Arrangements: Effects on Trade | 第102-104页 |
| 4.1.3 The Impacts of M-7 and Inter-State War on International Trade | 第104-106页 |
| 4.1.4 Income and Geographical Distance | 第106-109页 |
| 4.1.5 Border, Colonial and Cultural Affinities | 第109-111页 |
| 4.2 DEVELOPMENT ON IMPACT OF ALLIANCES AND PTA ON TRADE | 第111-119页 |
| 4.2.1 Breakdown Development of Impact of Alliances on Trade | 第111-116页 |
| 4.2.2 Breakdown Development of Impact of PTAs on Trade | 第116-119页 |
| 4.3 SUMMARY | 第119-122页 |
| 5 THE EFFECTS OF M-7 INFLUENCED ALLIANCE,ALLIANCE MOTIVATED PTA AND WAR-IN-ALLIANCE | 第122-145页 |
| 5.1 THE CASE OF MILITARISED CONFLICT IN ALLIANCE | 第123-124页 |
| 5.2 ANALYSES ON ALLIANCES ENHANCED PTAs | 第124-131页 |
| 5.2.1 Effects of Military Alliance Enhanced PTAs on Trade | 第125-128页 |
| 5.2.2 Effects of Non-Aggressive Alliances Enhanced PTAs on Trade | 第128-129页 |
| 5.2.3 Effects of Entente Influences PTAs on Trade | 第129-131页 |
| 5.3 ANALYSES OF M-7 INFLUENCED ALLIANCES AND PTAs | 第131-137页 |
| 5.3.1 Determination of the Impacts of M-7 Influenced Alliances on Trade | 第131-135页 |
| 5.3.2 Determination of the Impacts of M-7 Influenced PTAs on Trade | 第135-137页 |
| 5.4 MILITARISED CONFLICTS IN ALLIANCES AND PTAs | 第137-142页 |
| 5.4.1 Impacts of War in Alliances on Trade | 第140-141页 |
| 5.4.2 Incidence of Interstate War in PTAs | 第141-142页 |
| 5.5 SUMMARY | 第142-145页 |
| 6 THE CONSEQUENCES OF ALLIANCE WITHDRAWAL: A CASE OF MAURITANIA-ECOWAS | 第145-175页 |
| 6.1 CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF WITHDRAWALS | 第146-150页 |
| 6.2 ANALYSES OF THE EFFECTS OF MAURITANIA'S EXIT | 第150-173页 |
| 6.2.1 Effect of Mauritania Exit of ECOWAS Alliance on World Trade | 第150-155页 |
| 6.2.2 A Breakdown of Mauritania's Pre-and Post-Exit Effect on World Trade | 第155-161页 |
| 6.2.3 Influence of Mauritania Exit of ECOWAS' Alliance on the Regions' Trade | 第161-164页 |
| 6.2.4 A Breakdown of Mauritania's Pre-and Post-Exit Effect on ECOWAS Trade | 第164-167页 |
| 6.2.5 Influence of Mauritania Exit of ECOWAS' Alliance on Mauritania's Trade | 第167-170页 |
| 6.2.6 A Breakdown of Mauritania's Pre-and Post-Exit Effect on Mauritania's Trade | 第170-173页 |
| 6.3 SUMMARY | 第173-175页 |
| 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION | 第175-188页 |
| 7.1 CONCLUSIONS | 第175-184页 |
| 7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS | 第184-188页 |
| APPENDIX | 第188-201页 |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 第201-214页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 第214-215页 |
