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人类活动对坦桑尼亚热带沿海生态系统结构的干扰和服务价值的影响

Acronyms and Abbreviations第17-19页
摘要第19-24页
Abstract第24-30页
CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION第31-43页
    1.1.Definitions of Key Terminologies第31-32页
    1.2.Human Activities Disturbances on Ecosystems第32-33页
    1.3.Impacts of Human Activities on Forest第33-34页
    1.4.Crop-agriculture and Animal Husbandry Disturbances第34-36页
        1.4.1.Crop-agriculture第34-35页
        1.4.2.Effects of Grazing on the Ecosystems第35-36页
    1.5.Coastal zone Ecosystems Disturbances第36-38页
    1.6.Problem Statement and Justification第38-39页
    1.7.Objectives of the Study第39-41页
        1.7.1.The Main Objective of the Study第39页
        1.7.2.Specific Objectives第39-40页
        1.7.3.Study Questions第40页
        1.7.4.    Activities Performed第40-41页
        1.7.5.Expected Outputs第41页
    1.8.Significance of the Study第41-42页
    1.9.Dissemination of Research Findings第42-43页
CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW第43-60页
    2.1.Human Activity Disturbances on Ecosystems第43页
    2.2.Deforestation in the Coastal Zone of Tanzania第43-44页
    2.3.Human activity disturbances on soil properties第44-48页
        2.3.1.Disturbances and Electrical Conductivity第45页
        2.3.2.The Interplays between Soils and Vegetation Structures第45页
        2.3.3.Disturbances on Soil Texture and Bulk Density第45-46页
        2.3.4.Disturbances and Soluble Bases第46-47页
        2.3.5.Disturbances and Soluble Bases第47-48页
    2.4.Human Disturbances on Forest Structure第48-50页
    2.5.Canonical Correlation of Vegetation and Soil Properties第50-53页
    2.6.Socioeconomic Activities and Ecosystems Services Values第53-57页
        2.6.1.Changes on Land Coastal Ecosystems第53-54页
        2.6.2.Drivers for Land Cover and Land Uses Change第54页
        2.6.3.The LCLU Changes in the Coastal Zone of Tanzania第54-55页
        2.6.4.Threats to Coastal Ecosystems of Tanzania第55页
        2.6.5.Ecosystems Services Values第55-56页
        2.6.6.Addressing LCLU and Ecosystems Services Values第56-57页
    2.7.Restoration Interventions of Disturbed Forests第57-60页
        2.7.1.The Role of Restoration Interventions第57-58页
        2.7.2.Interventions for Restoration第58-59页
        2.7.3.Goals of Restorations Interventions第59-60页
CHAPTER THREE:MATERIALS AND METHODS第60-85页
    3.1.Description of the Study Area第60-63页
        3.1.1.Location第60-61页
        3.1.2.Population and Occupations第61页
        3.1.3.Climate第61-62页
        3.1.4.Vegetation第62-63页
    3.2.The Technical Route of the Study第63-64页
    3.3.Land Use Classification第64-65页
    3.4.Sampling Approaches第65页
    3.5.Determination of Soil Physical Properties第65-66页
        3.5.1.Determination of Electrical Conductivity (EC)第65-66页
        3.5.2.Determination of Bulk Density and Soil Texture第66页
    3.6.Determination of Non Soluble Bases (C, N and P)第66页
    3.7.Determination of Soluble Bases (Ca, Mg, K and Na)第66-67页
    3.8.Tree Data Collection第67-72页
        3.8.1.Sampling Procedures第68页
        3.8.2.Sampling Design第68页
        3.8.4.Sampling Intensity, Size and Shape of Plots第68-69页
        3.8.5.Vegetation Data Analysis第69页
        3.8.6.Analysis of Biodiversity Indices第69-72页
            3.8.6.1.The Shannon Diversity Index第70页
            3.8.6.2.Index of Dominance/ Simpson's Index of Diversity第70页
            3.8.6.3.Species Evenness第70-71页
            3.8.6.4.Importance Value Index (IVI)第71-72页
    3.9.Canonical Multivariate Data Analysis第72-73页
    3.10.Computing LCLU and ESV第73-81页
        3.10.1.Land Use Classification第74页
        3.10.2.Computing the Ecosystem Service Values第74-75页
        3.10.3.Quantifying LCLU Changes第75-76页
        3.10.4.Assessment of Ecosystem Service Values第76-77页
        3.10.5.Human to Ecosystem Services Values第77页
        3.10.6.Methods for Collecting Socioeconomic Data第77-80页
            3.10.6.1.Focus Group Discussions and Field Observations第78页
            3.10.6.2.Household Surveys第78页
            3.10.6.3.Key Informants Interviews第78-79页
            3.10.6.4.Wrap-up Workshop第79-80页
            3.10.6.5.Tools for Data Collection第80页
        3.10.7.Collection of Restoration Data第80-81页
    3.11.Restoration Data Analysis第81-85页
CHAPTER FOUR:RESULTS第85-123页
    4.1.Electrical Conductivity, Bulk Density and Soil Texture第85-90页
        4.1.1.Electrical Conductivity across Land Uses第85页
        4.1.2.Mean Values of Soil Texture across the Land Uses第85-86页
        4.1.3.The Mean Values of Bulk Density across Land Uses第86-87页
        4.1.4.Electrical Conductivity versus Soil Texture第87页
        4.1.5.Electrical Conductivity and Bd across Land Uses第87页
        4.1.6.Mean Difference of EC and CEC within Land Use第87-88页
        4.1.7.Correlation of EC and CEC across Land Uses第88页
        4.1.8.Electrical Conductivity versus Elevation第88-89页
        4.1.9.Elevation versus Soil Texture across Land Uses第89-90页
        4.1.10.Elevation and Bulk Density第90页
    4.2.Status of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus第90-93页
        4.2.1.Variation of Total Nitrogen across Land Uses第90页
        4.2.2.Variation of Total Carbon across Land Uses第90-91页
        4.2.3.Variation of Available Phosphorus across Land Uses第91页
        4.2.4.Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio across Land Uses第91页
        4.2.5.Variation of TN, TC and P against Elevation第91-92页
        4.2.6.Correlation(R~2)of TN,TC and P within Land Uses第92-93页
        4.2.7.Correlation of TN, TC and P across Land Use第93页
    4.3.Soluble Bases Values第93-97页
        4.3.1.Calcium Variation across CFS, ADS and DGS第93-94页
        4.3.2.Magnesium Variation across CFS, ADS and DGS第94页
        4.3.3.Potassium Variations across CFS, ADS and DGS第94页
        4.3.4.Sodium Variation in CFS, ADS and DGS第94页
        4.3.5.The CEC Variation across CFS, ADS and DGS第94-95页
        4.3.6.Base Saturation Variation across CFS, ADS and DGS第95-96页
        4.3.7.Correlations of Soluble Bases between Land Uses第96-97页
        4.3.8.Correlation of Soluble Bases with Elevation Levels第97页
    4.4.Analysis of Tree Species第97-103页
        4.4.1.Species Density第97-98页
        4.4.2.Diameters of Tree across Land Uses第98-99页
        4.4.3.Basal Area of Trees across Land Uses第99页
        4.4.5.Volume of Trees Sub-Categories across Land Uses第99-100页
        4.4.6.Shannon-Wiener Index第100-101页
        4.4.7.The Simpson's Index across Land Uses第101页
        4.4.8.Shannon Equitability第101页
        4.4.9.Important Value Index across Land Uses第101-103页
    4.5.Tree Stand Parameters and Soil Properties第103-105页
        4.5.1.Tree Stand Parameters and Soil Physical Properties第103-104页
        4.5.2.Tree Stand Parameters and Soil Chemical Properties第104-105页
    4.6.Diversity Indices and Soil Properties第105-110页
        4.6.1.Diversity Indices and Soil Physical Properties第105-107页
        4.6.2.Diversity Indices and Soil Chemical Properties第107-110页
    4.7.Land Cover and Land Use, and ESV Dynamics第110-116页
        4.7.1.The LCLU Area across 2000,2010 and 2016第110页
        4.7.2.Gain or Loss of LCLU across 2000,2010 and 2016第110-112页
        4.7.3.Changes of Ecosystem Service Values第112-113页
        4.7.4.Human to Ecosystem Service Values第113页
        4.7.5.Interviewed Population第113-115页
        4.7.6.Factors Causing LCLU Change Community Awareness第115-116页
    4.8.Restoration Interventions on the Disturbed Sites第116-123页
        4.8.1.Households Size and Ages Groups for Restoration data第116-117页
        4.8.2.Trees per Households per Residential Duration第117页
        4.8.3.Activities for Restoration of Disturbed Sites第117-118页
        4.8.4.Strategies for Controlling Forest Disturbances第118-119页
        4.8.5.Drivers for Planting and Retaining of Trees第119页
        4.8.6.Factors Influencing Tree Planting Practices第119-121页
        4.8.7.Factors Influencing the Retention of Trees第121页
        4.8.8.Correlation Restoration Trees and Influencing Factors第121页
        4.8.9.Restoration and Forest Trend in the Coastal Forests第121-123页
CHAPTER FIVE:DISCUSSION第123-164页
    5.1.Comparisons of Soil Physical Properties across Disturbed and Non-disturbed第123-127页
        5.1.1.Variation of EC across Land Uses第123页
        5.1.2.Correlation of EC within and across Land Uses第123-124页
        5.1.3.Electrical Conductivity and Soil Texture第124-125页
        5.1.4.Electrical Conductivity and Elevation第125-126页
        5.1.5.Bulk Density Variation across Land Uses第126-127页
    5.2.Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus across Intact Uses第127-133页
        5.2.1.Variation of Total Nitrogen across Land Uses第127-128页
        5.2.2.Variation of Total Carbon across Land Uses第128-129页
        5.2.3.Variation of Phosphorus across Land Uses第129-130页
        5.2.4.Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio across Land Uses第130-131页
        5.2.5.The Variation of TN, TC and P across Land Uses第131页
        5.2.6.Correlation of TN, TC and P across Land Uses第131-133页
    5.3.Soluble Bases across Disturbed and Intact Forests Sites第133-138页
        5.3.1.Variations of Soluble Bases across Land Uses第133-135页
        5.3.2.Correlation of Soluble Bases across Land Uses第135-136页
        5.3.4.Soluble Bases, CEC and BS vs.Elevation Levels第136页
        5.3.5.Soluble Bases CEC, BS and UFR Sustainability第136-138页
    5.4.Structure of Natural Forests in the Coastal Areas of Tanzania第138-144页
        5.4.1.Species Density across Land Uses第138-140页
        5.4.2.Species Diameter across Land Uses第140页
        5.4.3.Tree Basal Areas across Land Uses第140-141页
        5.4.5.Species Volume across Land Uses第141页
        5.4.6.Species Diversity across Land Uses第141-143页
        5.4.7.Important Values Index across Land Uses第143-144页
    5.5.Canonical Correlation between Vegetation and Soil Properties第144-147页
        5.5.1.Correlation between Stand and Soil Properties第144-145页
        5.5.2.Correlation between Diversity and Soil Properties第145-147页
    5.6.Socioeconomic Activities and ESV in Tanzania第147-155页
        5.6.1.Farming Activities and Changes in Shrub Land第147-149页
        5.6.2.Farming and Impacts on Wetlands and Waterbodies第149页
        5.6.3.Population and Commercial Activities Dynamics第149-151页
        5.6.4.Urbanization and LCLU Change第151页
        5.6.5.Grazing Land Use Change第151-152页
        5.6.6.Wetland Change第152页
        5.6.7.Forestland Change第152-153页
        5.6.8.Changes on H-ESV第153-154页
        5.6.9.Community Awareness on LCLU Changes第154-155页
    5.7.Restoration Interventions of the Disturbed Sites第155-164页
        5.7.1.Methods for Restoration of Disturbed Sites第155-156页
        5.7.2.Factors Affecting Restoration第156-162页
            5.7.2.1.Climate Change and Restoration第157页
            5.7.2.2.Restoration and Enforcement第157-158页
            5.7.2.3.Inadequate Knowledge on Restoration第158页
            5.7.2.4.Exclusion as a Restoration Technique第158-160页
            5.7.2.5.Awareness on the Aim of Restorations第160-161页
            5.7.2.6.Restoration Responsibilities第161页
            5.7.2.7.Overdependence on Forest Resources第161页
            5.7.2.8.Motivation for Restoration第161-162页
        5.7.3.Suggestions to Improve Restoration Mechanisms第162-164页
CHAPTER SIX :THESIS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS第164-171页
    6.1.Overview of Findings and Future Directions第164-167页
        6.1.1.    Soil Chemical and Physical Properties in the coastal areas第164-165页
        6.1.2.    Forest Structure under the Disturbed Coastal Forests Areas第165页
        6.1.3.Correlation between Vegetation and Soil Properties第165-166页
        6.1.4.Socioeconomic Activities and Ecosystems Services第166-167页
        6.1.5.Restoration Interventions of the Disturbed Coastal Areas第167页
    6.2.Conclusions第167-168页
    6.3.Study Limitations and Areas for Further Studies第168-171页
        6.3.1.Study Limitations第168-169页
        6.3.2.Areas for Further Studies第169-171页
References第171-210页
Acknowledgements第210-213页
Published Papers during Study Program第213-214页
Other Academic Achievements during the Program第214-215页
Annex 1:Households Questionnaire第215-218页
Annex 2:Check List for Key Informants and FGD第218-219页
Annex 3:Field Photo第219-221页

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