| ABSTRACT | 第9页 |
| Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION | 第10-40页 |
| 1.1. EVOLUTION OF FLAVIVIRUS | 第12-13页 |
| 1.2. FLAVIVIRUS GENOME AND PROTEINS | 第13-21页 |
| 1.2.1 Flaviviral RNA synthesis and replication | 第13-15页 |
| 1.2.2 Structural Proteins | 第15-18页 |
| 1.2.3 Non Structural Proteins (NS) | 第18-21页 |
| 1.3. JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS SEROLOGICAL GROUP OF FLAVIVIRUS | 第21页 |
| 1.4. JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS(JEV) | 第21-25页 |
| 1.4.1. Transmission of JEV | 第21-23页 |
| 1.4.2. Pathogenesis of JEV | 第23页 |
| 1.4.3. Epidemiology of JEV | 第23-25页 |
| 1.5. WEST NILE VIRUS(WNV) | 第25-35页 |
| 1.5.1. Transmission of WNV | 第25-27页 |
| 1.5.2. Pathogenesis of WNV | 第27-28页 |
| 1.5.3. Global Epidemiology of WNV | 第28-35页 |
| 1.6. VIRUS DETECTION | 第35-37页 |
| 1.6.1. Surveillance for WNV and Other Arboviruses | 第35-37页 |
| 1.7. SERODIAGNOSIS OF WNV AND RELATED FLAVIVIRUS IN EQUINE | 第37-39页 |
| 1.8. AIMS OF THIS THESIS | 第39-40页 |
| Chapter 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第40-48页 |
| 2.1 STUDY LOCALES AND SETTINGS | 第40页 |
| 2.2 SAMPLING FRAME | 第40-41页 |
| 2.3 SELECTION OF ANIMALS | 第41页 |
| 2.4 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF BLOOD SAMPLES | 第41页 |
| 2.5 SEPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF SERUM | 第41-42页 |
| 2.6 SERO-DIAGNOSIS OF WNV AND JEV | 第42页 |
| 2.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST | 第42页 |
| 2.8 DESCRIPTION AND PRINCIPLE | 第42-44页 |
| 2.8.1 Sample Preparation | 第42-43页 |
| 2.8.2 Wash Solution Preparation | 第43页 |
| 2.8.3 Testing Procedure | 第43页 |
| 2.8.4 Validation | 第43-44页 |
| 2.8.5 Interpretation | 第44页 |
| 2.9 Microneutralization Test(MNT) | 第44-47页 |
| 2.9.1 Materials and Equipment | 第44-45页 |
| 2.9.2 Chemicals and Reagents | 第45页 |
| 2.9.3 Testing Procedure | 第45-47页 |
| 2.9.4 Interpretation | 第47页 |
| 2.10 Statistical analysis | 第47-48页 |
| Chapter 3 RESULTS | 第48-66页 |
| 3.1. GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED AREAS | 第48-50页 |
| 3.1.1. Punjab | 第48-49页 |
| 3.1.2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 第49-50页 |
| 3.2. EQUINE POPULATION IN STUDY AREAS | 第50-51页 |
| 3.3. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLED POPULATION | 第51-55页 |
| 3.3.1. Spatial distribution of equines (n=449) for sero-prevalence of WNV and JEV in selected districts | 第51-52页 |
| 3.3.2. Equine type related distribution of equines (n=449) for sero-prevalence of WNV and JEV in selected areas | 第52-54页 |
| 3.3.3. Sex related distribution of samples (n=449) for sero-prevalence of WNV and JEV in selected areas | 第54-55页 |
| 3.3.4. Age related distribution of samples (n=449) for sero-prevalence of WNV and JEV in selected areas | 第55页 |
| 3.4. ELISA BASED SEROLOGICAL PREVALENCE OF WEST NILE VIRUS ANDRELATED FLAVIVIRUSES | 第55-61页 |
| 3.4.1. Serological prevalence of West Nile virus and related flaviviruses by ELISA | 第55-56页 |
| 3.4.2. Area related Seroprevalence | 第56-58页 |
| 3.4.3. Seroprevalence of antibodies in two different species of equids | 第58页 |
| 3.4.4. Age related seroprevalence of viral antibodies | 第58-59页 |
| 3.4.5. Sex related seroprevalence of viral antibodies | 第59-61页 |
| 3.5. MNT BASED SEROLOGICAL PREVALENCE OF WEST NILE VIRUS,JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS AND TICK BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS | 第61-66页 |
| 3.5.1. Serological prevalence of West Nile virus and related flaviviruses by MNT | 第61页 |
| 3.5.2. Area related seroprevalence of West Nile virus | 第61-63页 |
| 3.5.3. Seroprevalence of West Nile virus specific antibodies in two different species of equids | 第63-64页 |
| 3.5.4. Age related seroprevalence of WNV specific antibodies | 第64-65页 |
| 3.5.5. Sex related seroprevalence of anti-West Nile virus antibodies | 第65-66页 |
| Chapter 4 DISCUSSION | 第66-70页 |
| Chapter 5 CONCLUSION | 第70-71页 |
| LITERATURE CITED | 第71-103页 |
| PAPERS PUBLISHED | 第103-104页 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 第104页 |
