| TABLE OF CONTENTS | 第1-7页 |
| LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES | 第7-8页 |
| ENGLISH ABSTRACT | 第8-10页 |
| CHINESE ABSTRACT | 第10-11页 |
| CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION | 第11-14页 |
| ·Purpose of the study | 第11页 |
| ·Rationale | 第11-12页 |
| ·Significance of the study | 第12-13页 |
| ·Organization | 第13-14页 |
| CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW | 第14-39页 |
| ·Overview of oral test | 第14-22页 |
| ·The nature of oral test | 第14-16页 |
| ·Factors affecting the oral test performances | 第16-19页 |
| ·Reliability | 第19-22页 |
| ·Previous research on raters | 第22-28页 |
| ·Rater characteristics | 第22-26页 |
| ·Behavior of raters and behavior modification through training | 第26-28页 |
| ·Psychometric approaches to rater effects | 第28页 |
| ·Direct and semi-direct oral test | 第28-32页 |
| ·The Two Test Types | 第28-30页 |
| ·Previous research on direct and semi-direct oral tests | 第30-32页 |
| ·Scoring method | 第32-38页 |
| ·Rating scales: the RL approach and the IA approach | 第32-34页 |
| ·Analytical and holistic rating scales | 第34-36页 |
| ·Theoretical framework for criterion-referenced rating scale | 第36-38页 |
| ·Summary | 第38-39页 |
| CHPTER THREE METHODOLOGY | 第39-48页 |
| ·Overview | 第39页 |
| ·Research questions | 第39-40页 |
| ·Participants | 第40-41页 |
| ·Data collection | 第41-43页 |
| ·Qualitative and quantitative research designs | 第43-45页 |
| ·Procedures for analysis | 第45-47页 |
| ·Summary | 第47-48页 |
| CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 第48-63页 |
| ·Results and analyses from statistics | 第48-50页 |
| ·Mean score analysis | 第48-49页 |
| ·Two-way ANOVA analysis | 第49-50页 |
| ·The process of rating | 第50-59页 |
| ·Protocol analysis | 第50页 |
| ·Rater comments in tape-mediated oral test | 第50-57页 |
| ·Rater comments during post-study discussions for direct oral test | 第57-59页 |
| ·Testee's self-evaluation | 第59-62页 |
| ·Affective perspective | 第59-60页 |
| ·Cognitive perspective | 第60-62页 |
| ·Summary | 第62-63页 |
| CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION | 第63-65页 |
| ·Summary of major findings | 第63页 |
| ·Implications of the study | 第63-64页 |
| ·Theoretical and practical implications | 第63-64页 |
| ·Methodological implication | 第64页 |
| ·Limitations of the present study | 第64页 |
| ·Suggestions for future research | 第64-65页 |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 第65-80页 |
| APPENDICES | 第80-98页 |
| Appendix 1 NMET oral test papers | 第80-88页 |
| Appendix 2 Rating scale | 第88-89页 |
| Appendix 3 Questionnaire | 第89-92页 |
| Appendix 4 Extravert and introvert rater statistics for the language abilities and total marks in direct and tape-mediated oral tests | 第92-98页 |
| 攻读硕士期间已发表的论文题录 | 第98-99页 |
| AKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第99-100页 |
