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Biological Evaluation of Hesperidin and Genistein as Putative Dietary Factors with Important Health Benefits in Chickens

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS第4-11页
Abstract第11-14页
List of Abbreviations第15-17页
List of Tables第17-18页
List of Figures第18-21页
CHAPTER 1 Introduction第21-24页
    1. Flavonoids as contributors of beneficial health effects第21-23页
    2. Research goals第23-24页
CHAPTER 2 Literature Review第24-40页
    1. Development of functional foods第24-25页
    2. Polyphenols as functional ingredients第25-30页
        a) Citrus flavonoids第25-26页
        b) Isoflavones第26-27页
        2.1 Antioxidative activity第27-28页
        2.2 Anti-inflammatory activity第28-29页
        2.3 Immunomodulatory activity第29-30页
    3. Gut microbiota as a bioactivator of phenolic compounds第30-36页
        3.1 Importance and process of flavonoids bioavailability第30-33页
        3.2 Role of microflora in the bioavailability of citrus flavonoids第33-34页
        3.3 Role of the microflora in isoflavone bioavailability第34-36页
    4. Tailoring prebiotics for gut fermentation and health第36-40页
        4.1 Modulation of intestinal equilibrium through the feed第36-37页
        4.2 The prebiotic role of inulin第37-38页
        4.3 The prebiotic role of mannanoligosaccharides第38页
        4.4 The prebiotic role of fructo-oligosaccharides第38-40页
CHAPTER 3 Evaluation of Hesperidin and Genistein Mediated Growth,Metabolicand Endocrinal Responses in Chickens第40-59页
    Abstract第40-41页
    1. Introduction第41-43页
    2. Materials and methods第43-47页
        2.1 Animals and treatments第43-45页
        2.2 RNA extraction and Real-Time PCR第45-46页
        2.3 Laboratory analysis第46-47页
        2.4 Statistical Analysis第47页
    3. Results and discussion第47-59页
        3.1 Growth and metabolic effects第47-55页
            3.1.1 Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio第47-49页
            3.1.2 Glucose第49-51页
            3.1.3 Cholesterol第51-53页
            3.1.4 Expression of IGF-1R mRNA第53-55页
        3.2 Endocrine responses第55-59页
            3.2.1 T3 and T4第55-56页
            3.2.2 Glucagon第56-59页
CHAPTER 4 Efficacies of Hesperidin and Genistein as Feed Additives for Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Actions in Chickens第59-89页
    Abstract第59-60页
    1. Introduction第60-62页
    2. Materials and methods第62-66页
        2.1 Animals and treatments第62-63页
        2.2 PGE2 and LTB4第63页
        2.3 Secretory IgA第63-64页
        2.4 Histological examination for intestine intraepithelial lymphocyte (iIEL)第64页
        2.5 RNA extraction and Real-Time PCR第64-65页
        2.6 Laboratory analysis第65-66页
        2.7 Statistical Analysis第66页
    3. Results and discussion第66-89页
        3.1 Antioxidative effects第66-72页
            3.1.1 Plasma MDA, SOD and TAOC activity第66-68页
            3.1.2 HSP-70 mRNA gene expression第68-72页
        3.2 Antiinflammatory effects第72-80页
            3.2.1 PGE2 and LTB4第72-76页
            3.2.2 iNOS and COX-2 expression第76-80页
        3.3 Immunomodulatory effects第80-89页
            3.3.1 Intestinal sIgA第80-82页
            3.3.2 The numbers changes of iIELs in Peyer's patch第82-84页
            3.3.3 Th1 and Th2 cytokines expression after hesperidin supplementation第84-89页
CHAPTER 5 Influence of Hesperidin and Genistein on the Fermentation Patternand Molecular Microbial Profiles of Chickens第89-101页
    Abstract第89页
    1. Introduction第89-91页
    2. Materials and methods第91-94页
        2.1 In vitro assay第91-92页
        2.2 In vivo assay第92-93页
        2.3 SCFA analysis第93页
        2.4 PCR amplication第93页
        2.5 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis第93-94页
        2.6 Analysis of the DGGE gels第94页
        2.7 Sequencing of DGGE fractions第94页
        2.8 Data analysis第94页
    3. Results and discussion第94-101页
        3.1 SCFA Production第94-96页
        3.2 Effect on microbial community第96-101页
CHAPTER 6 Isolation and Characterization of Lactobacillus Delbrueckii-Like Strain MF-07 from Chicken and its Potential for Isoflavone Biotransformation第101-116页
    Abstract第101页
    1. Introduction第101-104页
    2. Materials and methods第104-107页
        2.1 Chemicals第104页
        2.2 Growth media and anaerobic techniques第104页
        2.3 Isolation procedure第104-105页
        2.4 Morphological,physiological and biochemical examinations第105页
        2.5 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis第105页
        2.6 Time course degradation experiments第105-106页
        2.7 Influence of carbon sources on isoflavone metabolism第106页
        2.8 HPLC第106页
        2.9 Nucleotide sequence accession number第106-107页
    3. Results第107-112页
        3.1 Isolation and Characterization of isoflavone degrading bacteria第107-108页
        3.2 Degradation of isoflavones by the isolate MF-07第108-111页
        3.3 Influence of the carbon source on growth and genistin degradation第111-112页
    4. Discussion第112-116页
CHAPTER 7 Bioactivation of Flavonoid Diglycosides by Chicken Cecal Bacteriaand Biotransformation Responses to Prebiotic and Gut Metabolic Products第116-138页
    Abstract第116页
    1. Introduction第116-120页
    2. Materials and methods第120-124页
        2.1 Chemicals第120页
        2.2 Growth media and anaerobic techniques第120页
        2.3 Isolation and identification of flavonoid degrading microorganisms第120-121页
        2.4 Phylogenetic analysis第121-122页
        2.5 Assay of β-glucosidase activity第122页
        2.6 Detailed kinetics of substrate removal by pure cultures第122页
        2.7 Influence of carbon sources on the growth and flavonoids metabolism第122-123页
        2.8 Mixed culture studies第123页
        2.9 Determination of substrates and degradation products第123页
        2.10 Statistical analysis第123-124页
        2.11 Nucleotide sequence accession numbers第124页
    3. Results第124-132页
        3.1 Characterization of flavonoids degrading bacteria第124-126页
        3.2 β-glucosidase activity第126页
        3.3 Metabolism of rutin by the isolated strains and mixed culture第126-128页
        3.4 Metabolism of the flavanones by the isolated strains and mixed culture第128页
        3.5 Influence of the carbon source on the growth第128-129页
        3.6 Influence of the carbon source on the flavonoids degradation第129-132页
        3.7 Influence of the prebiotic and organic acids supplementation on the flavonoids degradation by the consortium第132页
    4. Discussion第132-138页
Summary and Conclusions第138-140页
Future Recommendations第140-141页
LITERATURE CITED第141-182页
PUBLICATIONS第182页

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