| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 第1-17页 |
| LIST OF TABLES | 第17-18页 |
| LIST OF FIGURES | 第18-21页 |
| ABSTRACT | 第21-25页 |
| 摘要 | 第25-28页 |
| ABBREVIATIONS | 第28-30页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅰ INTRODUCTION | 第30-35页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅱ REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 第35-59页 |
| ·Beneficial effects ofprobiotics on intestinal health | 第35-39页 |
| ·Helpful in lactose intolerance | 第35-36页 |
| ·Prevention of diarrhea | 第36-37页 |
| ·Reprieve from constipation | 第37页 |
| ·Colon cancer | 第37页 |
| ·Inflammatory bowel disease | 第37-38页 |
| ·Necrotizing enterocolitis | 第38-39页 |
| ·Beneficial effects for homeostasis | 第39页 |
| ·Effect of probiotics on intestinal immunity and chicken health | 第39-41页 |
| ·Mechanisms of Probiotic Action | 第41-42页 |
| ·Mechanism of action in intestinal defense | 第42-46页 |
| ·Antagonistic effects against pathogens | 第42-44页 |
| ·Competitive exclusion along the epithelium | 第44-45页 |
| ·Improving epithelial structure | 第45-46页 |
| ·Boost intestinal immunity | 第46-47页 |
| ·Importance of intestinal cells receptor signaling | 第47页 |
| ·Cytokine production in response of TLRs signaling | 第47-50页 |
| ·In vitro culture of chicken bone marrow derived dendritic cells | 第50-53页 |
| ·Dendritic cells and their sub types | 第51-53页 |
| ·Biological function of DCs | 第53-54页 |
| ·Effect of probiotics on DCs functionality | 第54-59页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅲ Supplementary effects of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus subtilis B10 ongrowth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidation capacity and bloodhomeostasis in broilers | 第59-77页 |
| ·INTRODUCTION | 第59-61页 |
| ·MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第61-65页 |
| ·Culturing of probiotics | 第61页 |
| ·Experiment design and feeding method | 第61页 |
| ·growth perfermance and internal organs weight | 第61-62页 |
| ·Blood collection | 第62页 |
| ·Sampling of digesta and liver | 第62页 |
| ·Enzymatic activities analysis | 第62-63页 |
| ·Antioxidation capacity assays | 第63页 |
| ·Statistical analysis | 第63-65页 |
| ·RESULTS | 第65-73页 |
| ·Growth performance | 第65页 |
| ·Digestive enzymes activity assay | 第65页 |
| ·Serum antioxidation analysis | 第65-69页 |
| ·Liver antioxidation firnctioning | 第69页 |
| ·Blood biochemical examination | 第69-73页 |
| ·DISCUSSION | 第73-77页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅳ Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus subtilis B10 on intestinalultrastructure and microbial community composition | 第77-100页 |
| ·INTRODUCTION | 第77-79页 |
| ·MATERIAL AND METHODS | 第79-87页 |
| ·Bacterial and yeast culture preparation | 第79页 |
| ·Experiment design and feeding procedure | 第79页 |
| ·Sampling procedure | 第79-80页 |
| ·Histological examination | 第80-81页 |
| ·Transmission electron microscopy | 第81页 |
| ·RNA extraction and cDNA svnthesis | 第81页 |
| ·Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) | 第81-82页 |
| ·Immunohistochemical staining for IgA positive cells | 第82-83页 |
| ·Determination of cvtokines by ELISA | 第83-84页 |
| ·DNA isolation from fecal contents | 第84-85页 |
| ·PCR and pyrosequencing | 第85页 |
| ·Post-run analvsis | 第85-86页 |
| ·Statistical Analyses | 第86-87页 |
| ·RESULTS | 第87-97页 |
| ·Histological observation | 第87页 |
| ·Intestinal ultrastructure examination | 第87页 |
| ·Ocln, Cldn2 and Cldn3 mRNA expressions | 第87-91页 |
| ·Microbial community diversity and species richness in the jejunum and ileum | 第91页 |
| ·Microbial coMmunity structure modulation in the Jejunum | 第91-94页 |
| ·Microbial community structure modulation in the Ileum | 第94-97页 |
| ·DISCUSSION | 第97-99页 |
| ·CONCLUSION | 第99-100页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅴ The effect of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus subtilis B10 on intestinalimmunity and mRNA expression of TLR signaling pathway in broiler | 第100-118页 |
| ·INTRODUCTION | 第100-102页 |
| ·MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第102-107页 |
| ·Preparation of probiotics | 第102页 |
| ·Experimental Designing | 第102页 |
| ·Sampling procedure | 第102-103页 |
| ·Determination of cytokines by ELISA | 第103页 |
| ·Immunohistochemistry of jejunum and ileum | 第103-104页 |
| ·RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis | 第104-105页 |
| ·Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) | 第105页 |
| ·Statistical analyses | 第105-107页 |
| ·RESULTS | 第107-113页 |
| ·Cytokine production level | 第107页 |
| ·IgA positive cells and sIgA concentration in the jejunum and ileum | 第107页 |
| ·Serum Immunoglobulin Assay | 第107-111页 |
| ·Surface Toll like receptor and down streaming expressions response | 第111-113页 |
| ·DISCUSSION | 第113-118页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅵ Cloning approach coordinated with IL-4 to asses optimal growth and biologicalactivity of bone marrow derive denderitic cells | 第118-136页 |
| ·INTRODUCTION | 第118-120页 |
| ·MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第120-124页 |
| ·Cloning of chicken rGM-CSF and construction of expression vector | 第120页 |
| ·Chicken rGM-CSF protein expression and purification | 第120-121页 |
| ·SDS-PAGE and western blotting | 第121页 |
| ·Isolation of progenitor cells from chicken bone marrow | 第121-122页 |
| ·Growth and maturation of dendrite cells (DCs) | 第122页 |
| ·Cell yield evaluation | 第122页 |
| ·Morphological examination | 第122页 |
| ·Extraction of RNA and cDNA Synthesis | 第122-123页 |
| ·Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) | 第123页 |
| ·Bone marrow cells, developmental and morphological changes | 第123-124页 |
| ·Statistical analysis | 第124页 |
| ·RESULTS | 第124-130页 |
| ·Cloning, expression and purification of chicken GM-CSF | 第124页 |
| ·Cell culture yield | 第124-127页 |
| ·Morphological examination of cultured BMDCs | 第127页 |
| ·Phenotype of immature and mature chi-BMDCs | 第127-130页 |
| ·Genes expression level of surface markers | 第130页 |
| ·Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines genes expression | 第130页 |
| ·DISCUSSION | 第130-135页 |
| ·CONCLUSION | 第135-136页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅶ Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus subtilis B10 on immunity of chickenbone marrow dendritic cells modulated by TLRs signaling pathway | 第136-157页 |
| ·INTRODUCTION | 第136-137页 |
| ·MATERIALS AND METHODS | 第137-141页 |
| ·Isolation and culturing of chicken bone marrow, dendrite cells (chi-BMDCs) | 第137-138页 |
| ·Probiotics and culture conditions | 第138页 |
| ·Experimental design | 第138-139页 |
| ·Morphological observation | 第139页 |
| ·Scan electron microscopy (SEM) | 第139页 |
| ·Transmission electron Microscopy | 第139-140页 |
| ·Extraction of RNA and cDNA Synthesis | 第140页 |
| ·Quantitation of mRNA qRT-PCR | 第140-141页 |
| ·Cytokines production by ELISA essay | 第141页 |
| ·Statistical Analysis | 第141页 |
| ·RESULTS | 第141-152页 |
| ·Morphological changes in chicken bone marrow derived dendrite cells | 第141-144页 |
| ·Scan electron microscopy | 第144页 |
| ·Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | 第144-147页 |
| ·Gene expression of sanface markers | 第147页 |
| ·TLRs and associated factors expression response | 第147-150页 |
| ·Cytokines and chemokine determination | 第150-152页 |
| ·DISCUSSION | 第152-156页 |
| ·CONCLUSION | 第156-157页 |
| CHAPTER-Ⅷ SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS | 第157-163页 |
| Summary | 第157-161页 |
| Conclusions | 第161-162页 |
| Suggestions | 第162-163页 |
| REFRENCES | 第163-183页 |
