| Acknowledgements | 第1-3页 |
| Abstract in English | 第3-4页 |
| Abstract in Chinese | 第4-7页 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 第7-16页 |
| ·Introduction of grammaticalization | 第7-10页 |
| ·General patterns of grammaticalization | 第10-11页 |
| ·Historical review | 第11-14页 |
| ·Objective and organization of this thesis | 第14-16页 |
| Chapter 2 Principles of Grammaticalization and Theoretical Issues | 第16-27页 |
| ·Principles of grammaticalization | 第16-22页 |
| ·Layering | 第17-18页 |
| ·Divergence | 第18-19页 |
| ·Persistence | 第19-20页 |
| ·Decategorialization | 第20-21页 |
| ·Unidirectionality | 第21-22页 |
| ·Mechanisms and motivations of grammaticalization | 第22-24页 |
| ·Hypothesis of unidirectionality | 第24-27页 |
| Chapter 3 Synchronic and diachronic study of dare and need | 第27-45页 |
| ·Synchrony and diachrony | 第27-30页 |
| ·Diachronic and synchronic study of dare and need | 第30-45页 |
| ·Material | 第33页 |
| ·Assumptions and expectations | 第33-35页 |
| ·The status of dare and need in the 60s and 90s | 第35-39页 |
| ·The Status of need | 第35-38页 |
| ·The status of dare | 第38-39页 |
| ·dare and need under negation | 第39-41页 |
| ·dare+(to) infinitive under negation | 第39-41页 |
| ·need+(to) infinitive under negation | 第41页 |
| ·dare and need in context | 第41-42页 |
| ·Conclusion-questions for further research | 第42-45页 |
| Chapter 4 Semantic Study of Dare and Need in Grammaticalization | 第45-54页 |
| ·The meaning change of dare and need | 第46-49页 |
| ·Theoretical background | 第49-50页 |
| ·Metaphor and semantic change | 第50-52页 |
| ·Controversy about the semantic change in grammaticalization | 第52-54页 |
| Chapter 5 Conclusion and implication | 第54-58页 |
| ·Conclusion | 第54-55页 |
| ·Implication | 第55-58页 |
| Bibliography | 第58-61页 |
| Abbreviations | 第61-62页 |
| 独创性声明 | 第62页 |
| 学位论文版权使用授权书 | 第62页 |
